PHM 326 FINAL EXAM
The circulatory system consists of these two continuous loops:
- 1. pulmonary circulation
2. systemic circulation
How are the circulatory loops connected?
- connected by the heart on one end and various organ systems on the other
The 2 AV valves separate:
- the atria and ventricles
The SL values are between:
- ventricles and arteries
Put these in the correct order: pulmonary/systemic arteries, ventricle, SL valve, AV vale, atria
- atria --> AV valve (S1) --> ventricle --> SL valve (S2) --> pulmonary/systemic arteries
What sequence of events occur in diastole?
- 1. ventricles relax
2. AV valves open
3. blood flows from pressure-filled atria to low-pressure ventricle
4. pressure within ventricles rise as they fill with blood
5. AV valves close preventing regurgitation of blood into the atria (S1)
What is the S1 sound caused by?
- AV valves closing
,What sequence of events occur in systole?
- 1. ventricles contract
2. SL valves open and blood is ejected into pulmonary and systemic arteries
3. once pressure in ventricles < aorta and pulmonary arteries, SL closes (S2)
4. ventricles relax and atria fill with blood from the lungs and systemic circulation - start of
diastole
What is the S2 sound?
- SL valve closing once pressure in ventricles < pressure in aorta and pulmonary arteries
"Degenerative changes in the coronary circulation resulting from an imbalance between
myocardial oxygen demand and the blood supply" describes what disease?
- coronary artery disease
"Intermittent chest pain caused by temporary oxygen insufficiency and myocardial ischemia"
describes what disease?
- angina
"Occurrence of myocardial cell death and necrosis caused by local, severe, or prolonged
ischemia" describes what disease?
- myocardial infarction (MI)
"When the ventricle is unable to pump blood sufficiently to meet the metabolic needs of the
body or when the ventricle is unable to fill properly" describes what disease?
- heart failure
"Elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressure, or both as measured on at least two separate
occasions" describes what disease?
- hypertension
,How many times does systolic or diastolic blood pressure need to be measured at an elevated
level to diagnose hypertension?
- 2 separate occassions
For proper blood pressure measurement, avoid caffeine for how long before measurement is
taken?
- 30min
For proper blood pressure measurement, rest for how long before blood pressure is taken?
- 5min
How do you determine the maximum inflation level for a BP cuff?
- 1. while palpating radial pulse, inflate cuff by 10 mmHg with each pump until you can no
longer feel radial pulse
2. add 30 mmHg to this number
As the artery is intermittently compressed and blood spurts into the artery during a BP
measurement, what do you hear?
- first sound - systolic pressure
Which sound is the last sound in a BP measurement?
- diastole
Continue listening for _____ mmHg below the diastolic pressure, then rapidly deflate cuff
- 10
How long should you wait before listening to BP in the same arm after a previous reading?
- 2min
, What is normal blood pressure?
- <120/80 mmHg
What is elevated blood pressure?
- systolic 120-129 mmHg and diastolic <80 mmHg (120-129/<80 mmHg)
What is stage 1 high blood pressure?
- systolic 130-139 mmHg or diastolic 80-89 mmHg
What is stage 2 high blood pressure?
- systolic ≥140 mmHg or diastolic ≥90 mmHg
If the BP cuff is too tight, your reading will be falsely ____:
- high
If the BP cuff is too loose, your reading will be falsely ____:
- low
If the arm is positioned below the heart level, your BP reading will be falsely ____:
- high
If the arm is positioned above the heart level, your BP reading will be falsely ____:
- low
If you deflate the BP cuff too quickly, your systolic reading will be falsely ____ or your diastolic
reading will be falsely ____:
- low, high
The circulatory system consists of these two continuous loops:
- 1. pulmonary circulation
2. systemic circulation
How are the circulatory loops connected?
- connected by the heart on one end and various organ systems on the other
The 2 AV valves separate:
- the atria and ventricles
The SL values are between:
- ventricles and arteries
Put these in the correct order: pulmonary/systemic arteries, ventricle, SL valve, AV vale, atria
- atria --> AV valve (S1) --> ventricle --> SL valve (S2) --> pulmonary/systemic arteries
What sequence of events occur in diastole?
- 1. ventricles relax
2. AV valves open
3. blood flows from pressure-filled atria to low-pressure ventricle
4. pressure within ventricles rise as they fill with blood
5. AV valves close preventing regurgitation of blood into the atria (S1)
What is the S1 sound caused by?
- AV valves closing
,What sequence of events occur in systole?
- 1. ventricles contract
2. SL valves open and blood is ejected into pulmonary and systemic arteries
3. once pressure in ventricles < aorta and pulmonary arteries, SL closes (S2)
4. ventricles relax and atria fill with blood from the lungs and systemic circulation - start of
diastole
What is the S2 sound?
- SL valve closing once pressure in ventricles < pressure in aorta and pulmonary arteries
"Degenerative changes in the coronary circulation resulting from an imbalance between
myocardial oxygen demand and the blood supply" describes what disease?
- coronary artery disease
"Intermittent chest pain caused by temporary oxygen insufficiency and myocardial ischemia"
describes what disease?
- angina
"Occurrence of myocardial cell death and necrosis caused by local, severe, or prolonged
ischemia" describes what disease?
- myocardial infarction (MI)
"When the ventricle is unable to pump blood sufficiently to meet the metabolic needs of the
body or when the ventricle is unable to fill properly" describes what disease?
- heart failure
"Elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressure, or both as measured on at least two separate
occasions" describes what disease?
- hypertension
,How many times does systolic or diastolic blood pressure need to be measured at an elevated
level to diagnose hypertension?
- 2 separate occassions
For proper blood pressure measurement, avoid caffeine for how long before measurement is
taken?
- 30min
For proper blood pressure measurement, rest for how long before blood pressure is taken?
- 5min
How do you determine the maximum inflation level for a BP cuff?
- 1. while palpating radial pulse, inflate cuff by 10 mmHg with each pump until you can no
longer feel radial pulse
2. add 30 mmHg to this number
As the artery is intermittently compressed and blood spurts into the artery during a BP
measurement, what do you hear?
- first sound - systolic pressure
Which sound is the last sound in a BP measurement?
- diastole
Continue listening for _____ mmHg below the diastolic pressure, then rapidly deflate cuff
- 10
How long should you wait before listening to BP in the same arm after a previous reading?
- 2min
, What is normal blood pressure?
- <120/80 mmHg
What is elevated blood pressure?
- systolic 120-129 mmHg and diastolic <80 mmHg (120-129/<80 mmHg)
What is stage 1 high blood pressure?
- systolic 130-139 mmHg or diastolic 80-89 mmHg
What is stage 2 high blood pressure?
- systolic ≥140 mmHg or diastolic ≥90 mmHg
If the BP cuff is too tight, your reading will be falsely ____:
- high
If the BP cuff is too loose, your reading will be falsely ____:
- low
If the arm is positioned below the heart level, your BP reading will be falsely ____:
- high
If the arm is positioned above the heart level, your BP reading will be falsely ____:
- low
If you deflate the BP cuff too quickly, your systolic reading will be falsely ____ or your diastolic
reading will be falsely ____:
- low, high
