Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, in Gonadocorticoids (estrogen and androgen), are important
for females in all stages of their life.
One
the age of menopause, age in which ovaries stop producing these hormones, but still the other source of
-
estrogen and androgen the adrenal cortex.
-
In males usually are not important at any stage of their life, as their deficiency is totally fine.
Pancreas:
Two known functions of pancreas:
- Exocrine function: production of enzymes
- Endocrine function: production of hormones from Langerhans Elite, which takes up 2% of the
total volume of pancreas.
① 1-
2-
3-
4-
Alpha cells produce Glucagon hormone.
Meta cells produce Insulin & Amylin hormones.
Delta cells produce somatostatin.
F Cells produce pancreatic polypeptides.
Long term and short term regulation of plasma glucose.
- For short term: Insulin & Glucagon provide this type of regulation minute by minute.
- For long term: other hormones such adrenal corticosteroids (cortisol), growth hormone,
catecholamines, and thyroid hormones.
Insulin is the only hormone capable of lowering blood glucose (the only hypoglycemic hormone), and
there are many hyperglycemic hormones, Glucagon is the most important hyperglycemic hormone.
Insulin regulation:
Insulin receptor is composed of four subunits 2alpha and 2beta, in which alpha subunits lay on the
surface of cell membrane linked with integral beta subunits that penetrate the cell membrane, and
linked to each other at the same time.
Insulin binding activates alpha subunit in turn, alpha activates beta subunits, which in turn activates
tyrosine kinase (second messenger) leading to phosphorylation of enzymes producing many actions,
represented in Insulin functions: (
1- Activation of glucose transport
2- Protein synthesis
3- Glucose synthesis
4- Growth and gene expression
5- Mineral entry to the cell (especially, potassium, phosphate, and magnesium)
1
for females in all stages of their life.
One
the age of menopause, age in which ovaries stop producing these hormones, but still the other source of
-
estrogen and androgen the adrenal cortex.
-
In males usually are not important at any stage of their life, as their deficiency is totally fine.
Pancreas:
Two known functions of pancreas:
- Exocrine function: production of enzymes
- Endocrine function: production of hormones from Langerhans Elite, which takes up 2% of the
total volume of pancreas.
① 1-
2-
3-
4-
Alpha cells produce Glucagon hormone.
Meta cells produce Insulin & Amylin hormones.
Delta cells produce somatostatin.
F Cells produce pancreatic polypeptides.
Long term and short term regulation of plasma glucose.
- For short term: Insulin & Glucagon provide this type of regulation minute by minute.
- For long term: other hormones such adrenal corticosteroids (cortisol), growth hormone,
catecholamines, and thyroid hormones.
Insulin is the only hormone capable of lowering blood glucose (the only hypoglycemic hormone), and
there are many hyperglycemic hormones, Glucagon is the most important hyperglycemic hormone.
Insulin regulation:
Insulin receptor is composed of four subunits 2alpha and 2beta, in which alpha subunits lay on the
surface of cell membrane linked with integral beta subunits that penetrate the cell membrane, and
linked to each other at the same time.
Insulin binding activates alpha subunit in turn, alpha activates beta subunits, which in turn activates
tyrosine kinase (second messenger) leading to phosphorylation of enzymes producing many actions,
represented in Insulin functions: (
1- Activation of glucose transport
2- Protein synthesis
3- Glucose synthesis
4- Growth and gene expression
5- Mineral entry to the cell (especially, potassium, phosphate, and magnesium)
1
