Introduction to PhycologyPhycology as a Science-“Phycos” = seaweeds-Synonymous toAlgology- something to do with painreductionAlgae-Collective term used to describe organisms with plastids-Polyphyletic - some organisms do not share same characteristics-Not all are photosynthetic●Characteristics of algae that are similar with other eukaryotic organisms○Contains chlorophyll A for photosynthesis○Containsthallus-Body-like structure-Do not have definite shape○Reproductive cells lack sterile covering●Basic characteristics○Varied cellular structure and arrangement-Can either be unicellular or multicellular○Small and simpler than terrestrial plants○Abundant occurrence and distribution■Epilithic - attached on rocks■Epipelic - attached on sands, clay, silk■Epiphytic - attached on plants■Epizoic - attached on animals○Mostly photosynthetic, oxygenic, autotrophic-Produce oxygen more than the plants●General characteristics○Types of cells■Prokaryotic-With gelatinous coat/mucilage to prevent dessication-Chromoplasm - outer plasma-Centroplasm - where DNA is located■Eukaryotic-Have several structures○Structures of the cellProkaryoticEukaryoticFlagella●made up of flagellin●narrower, slimmer●made up of tubulin●bigger, thicker ●moves in rotation●moves by bending●Axoneme-microtubular structure-Have flagellum (9+2 equation)-Have basal body/kinetosome (9+3 equation)●Radial spoke - connects inner doublet w/ outerdoublet●Nexin - connects outer doublets with each other●Dynein arm - for rhythmically motion; base to tip●Mastigonemes - hairs that are laterally attached○whiplash/ acronmetic - no hair○tinsel/ pantonematic - hairy○Tripartite hair: basal region + microtubular shaft +terminal hair●Types○Isokont - same size○Anisokont - unequal length ; ex: euglena○Stephanokont - rim at one end ; chlorophyta○Heterokont - diff morphology ; heterokontophyta■Isokont - diff morphology but same size■Anisokont - diff morphology diff size○Unikont - only one flagellum●Sequence of flagellar transformation during cell division
●Intraflagellar Transport (IFT)-Bi-directional movement of materials inside theflagella●Anterograde IFT -Up to down-Motor kinesin 2 transport complex A & Band axonemal protein upward-Axonemal protein will be deposited at thedistal part where rearrangement will occurfor retrograde●Retrograde IFT-Cytoplasmic dynein 2 transport complex A& B and axonemal protein downward
Cell wall and mucilages●2 major components1.Fibrillar - skeleton2.Amorphous - matrix●Fibrillar component○Cellulose - made up of glucose○Mannans - mannose○Xylans - xylose●Amorphous component-Higher amount in rhodophyta and phaeophyceae○Alginic acid - sugar + carboxylic acid○Fucoidan - sugar + sulfates○Galactans - galactose ; rhodophyta ; contains inagar and carrageenanPlasmalemma, cytoplasm,nucleus, golgi apparatus●Karyolymph - refers to nucleus●Protoplast - everything inside minus cell wall●Protoplasm - everything inside minus cell wall and plasma
●Intraflagellar Transport (IFT)-Bi-directional movement of materials inside theflagella●Anterograde IFT -Up to down-Motor kinesin 2 transport complex A & Band axonemal protein upward-Axonemal protein will be deposited at thedistal part where rearrangement will occurfor retrograde●Retrograde IFT-Cytoplasmic dynein 2 transport complex A& B and axonemal protein downward
Cell wall and mucilages●2 major components1.Fibrillar - skeleton2.Amorphous - matrix●Fibrillar component○Cellulose - made up of glucose○Mannans - mannose○Xylans - xylose●Amorphous component-Higher amount in rhodophyta and phaeophyceae○Alginic acid - sugar + carboxylic acid○Fucoidan - sugar + sulfates○Galactans - galactose ; rhodophyta ; contains inagar and carrageenanPlasmalemma, cytoplasm,nucleus, golgi apparatus●Karyolymph - refers to nucleus●Protoplast - everything inside minus cell wall●Protoplasm - everything inside minus cell wall and plasma
