NU 545 Unit 2 Study Guide
1. Review the anatomy of the brain.
• Central nervous system (CNS)
• Brain and spinal cord
• forebrain - two cerebral hemispheres
• telencephalon
• cerebrum
• cerebral cortex, basal ganglia (cerebral nuclei)
• gyro, sulci, and fissures
• gray matter (nuclei) and white matter (numerous
tracts)
• midbrain - mesencephalon
• corpora quadrigemina (tectum)
• superior -vision
• inferior – auditory colliculi
• tegmentum
• red nucleus – motor output
• substantia nigra – synthesizes dopamine
• cerebral peduncles
• cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius) – carries
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• hindbrain – metencephalon
• cerebellum
• conscious and unconscious muscle synergy
• maintains balance and posture
• damage is characterized by ipsilateral (same side) loss of
equilibrium, balance, and motor coordination
• pons
• helps control
respirations
• medulla oblongata
(myelencephalon)
• helps control heart
rate, respiration,
blood pressure,
coughing, sneezing,
swallowing, and
vomiting
• brainstem - midbrain, medulla,
and pons
• reticular formation
, • a network of connected nuclei that regulate vital reflexes, such
as cardiovascular and respiratory function
• maintains wakefulness
• together with the cerebral cortex is referred to as the reticular-
activating system
• frontal lobe
• pre frontal - goal oriented behavior, short term or recall
memory
• premotor area (Brodmann area 6)- programs motor movement;
basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system, efferent pathways
outside medulla pyramids)
• primary motor area
• primary voluntary motor area
• homunculus - little man
• corticospinal tracts - pyramidal system - descend down
spinal cord
• contralateral control
• broca speech area - motor aspect of speech
• the frontal eye fields located in the middle frontal gyrus are
responsible for eye movements
• parietal lobe
• somatic sensory input
• occipital lobe
• visual cortex
• temporal lobe
• primary auditory cortex
• Wernicke area – reception and interpretation of speech
• Long-term memory
• Corpus callosum
• Also called transverse commissural fibers
• Connects the two cerebral hemispheres
• Limbic system
• Primitive behavioral responses, visceral reaction to emotion,
motivation, mood, feeding behaviors, biologic rhythms, and
sense of smell
• Consolidation of memory
• Diencephalon
• Epithalamus
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Subthalamus
• Spinal cord – lies within the vertebral
canal and is protected by the vertebral
column
• Connects the brain and body
,• Conducts somatic and autonomic reflexes
• Provides motor pattern control centers
• Modulates sensory and motor function
• Conus medullaris – end of the spinal cord
• Cauda equina – nerve bundle at the end of the spinal cord
• Sections of the spinal cord
• Cervical – 8
• Thoracic – 12
• Lumbar – 5
• Sacral – 5
• Coccygeal – 1
• Gray matter horns
• Posterior or dorsal horn
• Composed primarily of interneurons and axons
from sensory neurons, whose cell bodies lie in the
sensory ganglion (dorsal root ganglion)
• Substantia gelatinosa – involved in pain
transmission
• Lateral horn
• Contains cell bodies involved with the ANS
• Anterior or ventral horn
• Contains nerve cell bodies for efferent pathways
leaving the spinal cord by way of spinal nerves
• Spinal tracts – white matter forms ascending and descending
pathways
• Spinothalamic tract
• White matter
• Anterior column
• Lateral column
• Posterior column
• Reflex arc
• Receptor
• Afferent (sensory) neuron
• Efferent (motor) neuron
• Effector muscle or gland
• Motor effects from reflex arcs
generally occur before the
perception of the event in the
higher centers of the brain
• Upper motor neurons – corticospinal
tract
• Motor pathways completely in the CNS
• Control fine motor movement
• Modify spinal reflex arcs and circuits
• Destruction – initial paralysis followed by partial recovery
• Lower motor neurons
, • Neurons having direct influence on muscles
• Cell bodies originate in the gray matter of spinal cord,
but their axons extend into the PNS
• Destruction – permanent paralysis
• Motor pathways
• Corticospinal
• Corticobulbar
• Reticulospinal
• Vestibulospinal
• Rubrospinal
• Sensory pathways
• Anterior spinothalamic tract
• vague touch
• Lateral spinothalamic tract
• pain and temperature
• posterior (dorsal) column
• fine touch, 2 point discrimination and proprioceptive
information (epicritic)
• three neuron chain
• ipsilateral transmission
• contralateral transmission
• protective structures
• cranium
• structure that encloses and
protects the brain and its
associated structures
• eight bones
• galea aponeurotica
• subgaleal space – reduces
pressure
• anterior, temporal or middle,
and posterior fossa
• meninges
• protective membranes that
surround the brain and spinal
cord
• dura mater – periosteum
(endosteal layer) of
the skull and the inner
dura or meningeal
layer
• arachnoid
• pia mater
• spaces
• subdural – located between the dura
and arachnoid
1. Review the anatomy of the brain.
• Central nervous system (CNS)
• Brain and spinal cord
• forebrain - two cerebral hemispheres
• telencephalon
• cerebrum
• cerebral cortex, basal ganglia (cerebral nuclei)
• gyro, sulci, and fissures
• gray matter (nuclei) and white matter (numerous
tracts)
• midbrain - mesencephalon
• corpora quadrigemina (tectum)
• superior -vision
• inferior – auditory colliculi
• tegmentum
• red nucleus – motor output
• substantia nigra – synthesizes dopamine
• cerebral peduncles
• cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius) – carries
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• hindbrain – metencephalon
• cerebellum
• conscious and unconscious muscle synergy
• maintains balance and posture
• damage is characterized by ipsilateral (same side) loss of
equilibrium, balance, and motor coordination
• pons
• helps control
respirations
• medulla oblongata
(myelencephalon)
• helps control heart
rate, respiration,
blood pressure,
coughing, sneezing,
swallowing, and
vomiting
• brainstem - midbrain, medulla,
and pons
• reticular formation
, • a network of connected nuclei that regulate vital reflexes, such
as cardiovascular and respiratory function
• maintains wakefulness
• together with the cerebral cortex is referred to as the reticular-
activating system
• frontal lobe
• pre frontal - goal oriented behavior, short term or recall
memory
• premotor area (Brodmann area 6)- programs motor movement;
basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system, efferent pathways
outside medulla pyramids)
• primary motor area
• primary voluntary motor area
• homunculus - little man
• corticospinal tracts - pyramidal system - descend down
spinal cord
• contralateral control
• broca speech area - motor aspect of speech
• the frontal eye fields located in the middle frontal gyrus are
responsible for eye movements
• parietal lobe
• somatic sensory input
• occipital lobe
• visual cortex
• temporal lobe
• primary auditory cortex
• Wernicke area – reception and interpretation of speech
• Long-term memory
• Corpus callosum
• Also called transverse commissural fibers
• Connects the two cerebral hemispheres
• Limbic system
• Primitive behavioral responses, visceral reaction to emotion,
motivation, mood, feeding behaviors, biologic rhythms, and
sense of smell
• Consolidation of memory
• Diencephalon
• Epithalamus
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Subthalamus
• Spinal cord – lies within the vertebral
canal and is protected by the vertebral
column
• Connects the brain and body
,• Conducts somatic and autonomic reflexes
• Provides motor pattern control centers
• Modulates sensory and motor function
• Conus medullaris – end of the spinal cord
• Cauda equina – nerve bundle at the end of the spinal cord
• Sections of the spinal cord
• Cervical – 8
• Thoracic – 12
• Lumbar – 5
• Sacral – 5
• Coccygeal – 1
• Gray matter horns
• Posterior or dorsal horn
• Composed primarily of interneurons and axons
from sensory neurons, whose cell bodies lie in the
sensory ganglion (dorsal root ganglion)
• Substantia gelatinosa – involved in pain
transmission
• Lateral horn
• Contains cell bodies involved with the ANS
• Anterior or ventral horn
• Contains nerve cell bodies for efferent pathways
leaving the spinal cord by way of spinal nerves
• Spinal tracts – white matter forms ascending and descending
pathways
• Spinothalamic tract
• White matter
• Anterior column
• Lateral column
• Posterior column
• Reflex arc
• Receptor
• Afferent (sensory) neuron
• Efferent (motor) neuron
• Effector muscle or gland
• Motor effects from reflex arcs
generally occur before the
perception of the event in the
higher centers of the brain
• Upper motor neurons – corticospinal
tract
• Motor pathways completely in the CNS
• Control fine motor movement
• Modify spinal reflex arcs and circuits
• Destruction – initial paralysis followed by partial recovery
• Lower motor neurons
, • Neurons having direct influence on muscles
• Cell bodies originate in the gray matter of spinal cord,
but their axons extend into the PNS
• Destruction – permanent paralysis
• Motor pathways
• Corticospinal
• Corticobulbar
• Reticulospinal
• Vestibulospinal
• Rubrospinal
• Sensory pathways
• Anterior spinothalamic tract
• vague touch
• Lateral spinothalamic tract
• pain and temperature
• posterior (dorsal) column
• fine touch, 2 point discrimination and proprioceptive
information (epicritic)
• three neuron chain
• ipsilateral transmission
• contralateral transmission
• protective structures
• cranium
• structure that encloses and
protects the brain and its
associated structures
• eight bones
• galea aponeurotica
• subgaleal space – reduces
pressure
• anterior, temporal or middle,
and posterior fossa
• meninges
• protective membranes that
surround the brain and spinal
cord
• dura mater – periosteum
(endosteal layer) of
the skull and the inner
dura or meningeal
layer
• arachnoid
• pia mater
• spaces
• subdural – located between the dura
and arachnoid
