Nursing 101 Chapter 39 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Test Bank

Chapter 39: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The functional kidney is associated with which embryonic organ?
a.
Metanephros c. Pronephros
b.
Mesonephros d. Endonephros

ANS: A
The functional kidney is associated with the metanephros. The kidney develops from three
sets of structures: the pronephros (nonfunctional by the end of the embryonic period),
mesonephros (nonfunctional), and metanephros (the functional kidney). Endonephros is not
relevant to this process.

PTS: 1 REF: Pages 1376-1377 | Figure 39-1

2. When does urine formation and excretion begin?
a.
At birth c. By 6 monthsÕ gestation
b.
By 3 monthsÕ gestation d. By 8 monthsÕ gestation

ANS: B
Urine formation and excretion begin by the third month of gestation.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 1377

3. Compared with an adult, an infant has a greater content of extracellular fluid, as well as a
greater rate of fluid exchange. What effect does this have on the fluid balance of a child
com- pared with that of an adult?
a.
Edema development is less of a problem.
b.
Overhydration is not difficult to manage.
c.
Daily fluid requirements are greater.
d.
The control of dehydration is more difficult.
ANS: D
An infant not only has a greater content of extracellular fluid, but infants also have a greater
rate of fluid exchange. The adult takes in and excretes approximately 2000 ml of water daily,
representing 5% of the total body fluid and 14% of the extracellular fluid. In contrast, the in-
fantÕs daily exchange of 600 to 700 ml of water represents 290% of the total body fluid or
nearly 50% of the extracellular volume, making control of dehydration and overhydration
more difficult. This fact makes the other options incorrect.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 1378

4. What term is used to identify the condition that exists when the urethral meatus is located
on the undersurface of the penis?
a.
Hypospadias c. Hyperspadias
b.
Epispadias d. Chordee

ANS: A
Hypospadias is a congenital condition in which the urethral meatus is located on the ventral
side or undersurface of the penis. This is the only term used for this condition.

, PTS: 1 REF: Page 1378

5. What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
a.
Lysosomal enzymes
b.
Endotoxins from Streptococcus
c.
Immune complexes
d.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)Ðmediated response
ANS: C
The immune complexes initiate inflammation and glomerular injury in acute poststreptococcal
glomerulonephritis. Antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the glomerulus, or the anti-
gen may be trapped within the glomerulus and immune complexes formed in situ. The other
options are not involved in initiating inflammation in this situation.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 1381

6. Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) may be accompanied by a positive throat or skin culture
for which bacteria?
a.
Staphylococcus aureus c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
b.
Streptococcus d. Haemophilus

ANS: B
AGN may be accompanied by a positive throat or skin culture for Streptococcus. AGN is not
associated with any of the other options.

PTS: 1 REF: Page 1382

7. What is the cause of smoky, brown-colored urine resulting from acute
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
a.
Presence of red blood cells c. Slough from the collecting tubules
b.
Presence of urobilinogen d. Protein in the urine

ANS: A
The urine is usually smoky brown or cola-colored because of the presence of red blood cells.
The other options are not correct statements regarding this condition.

PTS: 1 REF: Pages 1381-1382

8. In immunoglobulin G (IgG) nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis, IgG is deposited
in which location?
a.
Juxtamedullary nephrons
b.
Glomerulus basement membranes
c.
Mesangium of the glomerular capillaries
d.
Parietal epithelium
ANS: B