Chapter 19: Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disor-
ders
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which would be considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
a.
Blunted affect c. Poverty of speech
b.
Auditory hallucinations d. Lack of social interaction
ANS: B
Positive symptoms frequently occur during a psychotic episode, when an individual loses
touch with reality and experiences something that should be absent (e.g., hallucinations). The
remaining options are classified as negative symptoms.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 644-646
2. The onset of schizophrenia can be triggered by which prenatal occurrence?
a.
Viral infection c. Maternal smoking
b.
Maternal depression d. Exposure to toxic waste
ANS: A
A leading hypothesis for the cause of schizophrenia suggests that the illness results from neu-
rodevelopmental defects that occur in fetal life. Several early environmental factors have been
suggested to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, including viral infection during
pregnancy, prenatal nutritional deficiencies, and perinatal complications, such as birth defects
and neonatal hypoxia. No current research supports the theory that any of the other options are
prenatal triggers of schizophrenia.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 642
3. Which neurotransmitter is reduced in people with schizophrenia?
a.
Dopamine c. Acetylcholine
b.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid d. Serotonin
ANS: B
In the dorsal prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic brains, glutamic acid decarboxylase, the major
enzyme in gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA biosynthesis, is diminished, which likely impairs
synaptic performance and cognitive and behavioral functions associated with this brain
region. The other neurotransmitters mentioned in the option choices are not related to the
presentation of schizophrenia.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 643
4. Alterations in which part of the brain are linked to hallucinations, delusions, and thought dis-
orders associated with schizophrenia?
a.
Parietal lobe c. Temporal lobe
b.
Limbic system d. Hypothalamus
ANS: C
.
, Only temporal lobe alterations may be responsible for the production of positive schizo-
phrenic symptoms, such as hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and bizarre behavior.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 642
5. Antipsychotic drugs block which neurotransmitter receptor?
a.
Norepinephrine c. Serotonin
b.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid d. Dopamine
ANS: D
The dopamine hypothesis initially suggested that abnormal elevation in dopaminergic trans-
mission contributes to the onset of schizophrenia. This hypothesis was based on pharmaco-
logic studies showing that antipsychotic drugs are potent blockers of brain dopamine recep-
tors; therefore the other options are incorrect.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 643
6. What data confer the link between bipolar disorders and schizophrenia?
a.
Individuals with bipolar disorder who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits
in reelin expression linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 22.
b.
Individuals with schizophrenia who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits
in serotonin linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 16.
c.
Individuals with bipolar disorder who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits in
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) linked to genetic loci located on
chromosome 20.
d.
Individuals with schizophrenia who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits
in reelin expression linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 18.
ANS: A
Interestingly, loci on chromosomes 18 and 22 have been linked to bipolar disorder and
schizophrenia. Individuals with bipolar disorder, who may exhibit psychotic behavior, have
deficits in reelin expression linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 22, which confers
susceptibility to schizophrenia. The remaining options do not appropriately describe the link
between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 647-648
7. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system abnormalities exist in a large percentage of
in- dividuals with:
a.
Schizophrenia c. Mania
b.
Major depression d. Panic disorder
ANS: B
Excessive activation of the HPA system resulting in elevated glucocorticoid secretion is found
in a large percentage (30% to 70%) of people with major depression, suggesting that mecha-
nisms responsible for HPA hormone alterations contribute to the pathophysiologic condition
of depression. HPA system abnormalities do not necessarily exit in individuals represented by
the remaining options.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 648
ders
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which would be considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
a.
Blunted affect c. Poverty of speech
b.
Auditory hallucinations d. Lack of social interaction
ANS: B
Positive symptoms frequently occur during a psychotic episode, when an individual loses
touch with reality and experiences something that should be absent (e.g., hallucinations). The
remaining options are classified as negative symptoms.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 644-646
2. The onset of schizophrenia can be triggered by which prenatal occurrence?
a.
Viral infection c. Maternal smoking
b.
Maternal depression d. Exposure to toxic waste
ANS: A
A leading hypothesis for the cause of schizophrenia suggests that the illness results from neu-
rodevelopmental defects that occur in fetal life. Several early environmental factors have been
suggested to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, including viral infection during
pregnancy, prenatal nutritional deficiencies, and perinatal complications, such as birth defects
and neonatal hypoxia. No current research supports the theory that any of the other options are
prenatal triggers of schizophrenia.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 642
3. Which neurotransmitter is reduced in people with schizophrenia?
a.
Dopamine c. Acetylcholine
b.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid d. Serotonin
ANS: B
In the dorsal prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic brains, glutamic acid decarboxylase, the major
enzyme in gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA biosynthesis, is diminished, which likely impairs
synaptic performance and cognitive and behavioral functions associated with this brain
region. The other neurotransmitters mentioned in the option choices are not related to the
presentation of schizophrenia.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 643
4. Alterations in which part of the brain are linked to hallucinations, delusions, and thought dis-
orders associated with schizophrenia?
a.
Parietal lobe c. Temporal lobe
b.
Limbic system d. Hypothalamus
ANS: C
.
, Only temporal lobe alterations may be responsible for the production of positive schizo-
phrenic symptoms, such as hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and bizarre behavior.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 642
5. Antipsychotic drugs block which neurotransmitter receptor?
a.
Norepinephrine c. Serotonin
b.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid d. Dopamine
ANS: D
The dopamine hypothesis initially suggested that abnormal elevation in dopaminergic trans-
mission contributes to the onset of schizophrenia. This hypothesis was based on pharmaco-
logic studies showing that antipsychotic drugs are potent blockers of brain dopamine recep-
tors; therefore the other options are incorrect.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 643
6. What data confer the link between bipolar disorders and schizophrenia?
a.
Individuals with bipolar disorder who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits
in reelin expression linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 22.
b.
Individuals with schizophrenia who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits
in serotonin linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 16.
c.
Individuals with bipolar disorder who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits in
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) linked to genetic loci located on
chromosome 20.
d.
Individuals with schizophrenia who exhibit psychotic behaviors have deficits
in reelin expression linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 18.
ANS: A
Interestingly, loci on chromosomes 18 and 22 have been linked to bipolar disorder and
schizophrenia. Individuals with bipolar disorder, who may exhibit psychotic behavior, have
deficits in reelin expression linked to genetic loci located on chromosome 22, which confers
susceptibility to schizophrenia. The remaining options do not appropriately describe the link
between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 647-648
7. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system abnormalities exist in a large percentage of
in- dividuals with:
a.
Schizophrenia c. Mania
b.
Major depression d. Panic disorder
ANS: B
Excessive activation of the HPA system resulting in elevated glucocorticoid secretion is found
in a large percentage (30% to 70%) of people with major depression, suggesting that mecha-
nisms responsible for HPA hormone alterations contribute to the pathophysiologic condition
of depression. HPA system abnormalities do not necessarily exit in individuals represented by
the remaining options.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 648
