Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The initial reproductive structures of the male and female embryos appear the same
until which week of gestation?
a.
Third c. Twentieth
b.
Eighth d. Thirtieth
ANS: B
Between 6 and 7 weeksÕ gestation, the male embryo differentiates under the influence of
testes-determining factor (TDF). In the absence of testosterone, a loss of the wolffian
system occurs and the two gonads develop into ovaries at 6 to 8 weeksÕ gestation.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 769
2. The absence of which major hormone is a determinant of sexual differentiation (wolffian
sys- tem) in utero?
a.
Estrogen c. Growth hormone
b.
Progesterone d. Testosterone
ANS: D
In the absence of testosterone, a loss of the wolffian system occurs and the two gonads de-
velop into ovaries at 6 to 8 weeksÕ gestation. Between 6 and 7 weeksÕ gestation, the male
embryo differentiates under the influence of TDF. The presence of estrogen is a determinating
factor. None of the other options function as a major determinant to sexual differentiation in
utero.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 769
3. Which gland produces the associated hormones that are found in high levels in a female fetus?
a.
Posterior pituitary excretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteiniz-
ing hormone (LH).
b.
Hypothalamus excretes luteinizing hormone (LH) and gonadotropin-releasing hor-
mone (GnRH).
c.
Anterior pituitaryfollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
hormone (LH).
d.
Hypothalamus excretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and folli-
cle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
ANS: C
In the female fetus, the anterior pituitary excretes high levels of two gonadotropinsÑFSH and
LH. The other sequences are not correct.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 769-770
4. Which hormone is linked to an increase in appetite during puberty?
a.
Inhibin c. Activin
b.
Leptin d. Follistatin
ANS: B
, Sensitivity to leptin, which regulates appetite and energy metabolism, increases during pu-
berty; in theory, the adolescent consumes more calories to meet the caloric needs of the
puber- tal growth spurt. The percent of body fat and leptin levels in girls continue to increase,
whereas muscle mass increases in boys. No apparent link exists between increased appetite
during puberty and any of the other options.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 778
5. The Skene glands are located on either side of which structure?
a.
Introitus c. Clitoris
b.
Urinary meatus d. Vestibule
ANS: B
The ducts of the Skene glands (also called the lesser vestibular or paraurethral glands) are re-
lated only to the urinary meatus.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 772
6. What is the function of the mucus secreted by the Bartholin glands?
a.
Enhancement of the motility of sperm
b.
Lubrication of the urinary meatus and vestibule
c.
Maintenance of an acid-base balance to discourage proliferation of pathogenic bac-
teria
d.
Enhancement of the size of the penis during intercourse
ANS: A
In response to sexual stimulation, the Bartholin glands secrete mucus that serves only to lubri-
cate the inner labial surfaces, as well as to enhance the viability and motility of sperm.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 772
7. Which change is a result of puberty and defends the vagina from infection?
a.
The pH stabilizes between 7 and 8.
b.
A thin squamous epithelial lining develops.
c.
Vaginal pH becomes more acidic.
d.
Estrogen levels are low.
ANS: C
At puberty, the pH becomes more acidic (4 to 5) and the squamous epithelial lining thickens.
These changes are maintained until menopause (cessation of menstruation), at which time the
pH rises again to more alkaline levels and the epithelium thins out. Therefore protection from
infection is greatest during the years when a woman is most likely to be sexually active. Estro-
gen does not play a role in infection protection.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 773
8. What happens to the vaginaÕs lining at puberty?
a.
It becomes thinner. c. It assumes a neutral pH.
b.
It becomes thicker. d. It undergoes atrophy.
ANS: B
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The initial reproductive structures of the male and female embryos appear the same
until which week of gestation?
a.
Third c. Twentieth
b.
Eighth d. Thirtieth
ANS: B
Between 6 and 7 weeksÕ gestation, the male embryo differentiates under the influence of
testes-determining factor (TDF). In the absence of testosterone, a loss of the wolffian
system occurs and the two gonads develop into ovaries at 6 to 8 weeksÕ gestation.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 769
2. The absence of which major hormone is a determinant of sexual differentiation (wolffian
sys- tem) in utero?
a.
Estrogen c. Growth hormone
b.
Progesterone d. Testosterone
ANS: D
In the absence of testosterone, a loss of the wolffian system occurs and the two gonads de-
velop into ovaries at 6 to 8 weeksÕ gestation. Between 6 and 7 weeksÕ gestation, the male
embryo differentiates under the influence of TDF. The presence of estrogen is a determinating
factor. None of the other options function as a major determinant to sexual differentiation in
utero.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 769
3. Which gland produces the associated hormones that are found in high levels in a female fetus?
a.
Posterior pituitary excretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteiniz-
ing hormone (LH).
b.
Hypothalamus excretes luteinizing hormone (LH) and gonadotropin-releasing hor-
mone (GnRH).
c.
Anterior pituitaryfollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
hormone (LH).
d.
Hypothalamus excretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and folli-
cle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
ANS: C
In the female fetus, the anterior pituitary excretes high levels of two gonadotropinsÑFSH and
LH. The other sequences are not correct.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 769-770
4. Which hormone is linked to an increase in appetite during puberty?
a.
Inhibin c. Activin
b.
Leptin d. Follistatin
ANS: B
, Sensitivity to leptin, which regulates appetite and energy metabolism, increases during pu-
berty; in theory, the adolescent consumes more calories to meet the caloric needs of the
puber- tal growth spurt. The percent of body fat and leptin levels in girls continue to increase,
whereas muscle mass increases in boys. No apparent link exists between increased appetite
during puberty and any of the other options.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 778
5. The Skene glands are located on either side of which structure?
a.
Introitus c. Clitoris
b.
Urinary meatus d. Vestibule
ANS: B
The ducts of the Skene glands (also called the lesser vestibular or paraurethral glands) are re-
lated only to the urinary meatus.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 772
6. What is the function of the mucus secreted by the Bartholin glands?
a.
Enhancement of the motility of sperm
b.
Lubrication of the urinary meatus and vestibule
c.
Maintenance of an acid-base balance to discourage proliferation of pathogenic bac-
teria
d.
Enhancement of the size of the penis during intercourse
ANS: A
In response to sexual stimulation, the Bartholin glands secrete mucus that serves only to lubri-
cate the inner labial surfaces, as well as to enhance the viability and motility of sperm.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 772
7. Which change is a result of puberty and defends the vagina from infection?
a.
The pH stabilizes between 7 and 8.
b.
A thin squamous epithelial lining develops.
c.
Vaginal pH becomes more acidic.
d.
Estrogen levels are low.
ANS: C
At puberty, the pH becomes more acidic (4 to 5) and the squamous epithelial lining thickens.
These changes are maintained until menopause (cessation of menstruation), at which time the
pH rises again to more alkaline levels and the epithelium thins out. Therefore protection from
infection is greatest during the years when a woman is most likely to be sexually active. Estro-
gen does not play a role in infection protection.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 773
8. What happens to the vaginaÕs lining at puberty?
a.
It becomes thinner. c. It assumes a neutral pH.
b.
It becomes thicker. d. It undergoes atrophy.
ANS: B
