Understanding Anatomy And Physiology A Visual Auditory Interactive Approach 2nd Edition By Thompson – Test Bank

Understanding Anatomy And Physiology A Visual Auditory Interactive Approach 2nd Edition By Thompson – Test Bank Sample Questions Chapter 4: Tissues MATCHING Match each item to the statement listed below. a. osteocytes h. mucous membrane b. cutaneous membrane i. ectoderm c. serous membrane j. endoderm d. extracellular matrix k. mesoderm e. epithelial tissue l. adipose tissue f. chondrocytes m. areolar tissue g. reticular fibers 1. Lines body cavities 2. Supports small structures such as capillaries 3. Cartilage cells 4. The body’s largest membrane 5. Bone cells 6. Inner layer of fertilized egg 7. Lines the interior of the esophagus 8. Outer layer of fertilized egg 9. Secretes fluid that prevents friction as the lungs expand 10. Middle layer of fertilized egg 11. A key component of connective tissue 1. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 58 KEY: REMEMBERING 2. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 61 KEY: REMEMBERING 3. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 62 KEY: REMEMBERING 4. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 66 KEY: REMEMBERING 5. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 67 KEY: REMEMBERING 6. ANS: J PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 57 KEY: REMEMBERING 7. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 66 KEY: REMEMBERING 8. ANS: I PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 57 KEY: REMEMBERING 9. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 66 KEY: REMEMBERING 10. ANS: K PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 57 KEY: REMEMBERING 11. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 61 KEY: REMEMBERING MULTIPLE CHOICE 12. Soon after conception, the cells of the fertilized egg form layers called the a. pre-embryonic, embryonic, and fetal layers. b. epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscular layers. c. ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm layers. d. skeletal, muscular, neural, and internal layers. ANS: C Specialized tissues of the body form after cells of the rapidly dividing fertilized egg organize into endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal layers. The terms pre-embryonic, embryonic, and fetal usually refer to stages of fetal development. The terms epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscular refer to the types of body tissues. Skeletal, muscular, neural, and internal are terms that refer to body structures but are not layers of the fertilized egg. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 57 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 13. Mucous membranes arise from which layer of the fertilized egg? a. Endoderm b. Mesoderm c. Ectoderm ANS: A Mucous membranes arise from the endoderm. The mesoderm and ectoderm give rise to other structures. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 57 KEY: REMEMBERING 14. The nervous system arises from which layer of the fertilized egg? a. Endoderm b. Mesoderm c. Ectoderm ANS: C The nervous system arises from the ectoderm. The mesoderm and endoderm give rise to other structures. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 57 KEY: REMEMBERING 15. Bone, muscle, and blood arise from which layer of the fertilized egg? a. Endoderm b. Mesoderm c. Ectoderm ANS: B Bone, muscle, and blood arise from the mesoderm. The endoderm and ectoderm give rise to other structures. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 57 KEY: REMEMBERING 16. Tissues are categorized into four main groups based on a. cell shape. b. cell function. c. cell wall thickness. d. organ location. ANS: B Cells are grouped into different tissues based on similarity of cell function. Cell shape is the basis for categorizing different epithelial tissue but not for grouping cells into tissues. Cell wall thickness is not a variable used to sort cells into tissues. The location of the organ does not influence tissue type. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 57 KEY: REMEMBERING 17. What are the four categories of tissue? a. Neural, muscular, cardiac, and connective b. Vascular, neural, bone, and cardiac c. Neural, connective, muscular, and epithelial d. Epithelial, connective, muscular, and bone ANS: C The distinct groups of tissue are neural (or nervous), connective, muscular, and epithelial tissue. Cardiac tissue is muscular tissue, bone is made of dense connective tissue, vascular tissue (blood vessels) consist of muscular and epithelial tissue. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 57 KEY: REMEMBERING 18. Which cells can develop into many different cell types? a. Stem cells b. Chameleon cells c. Undeveloped cells d. Foundational cells ANS: A Stem cells are special, undifferentiated cells that can develop into any of a number of different cell types such as a skin cell or a blood cell. Chameleon, undeveloped, or fundamental cells are not terms in use. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 57 KEY: REMEMBERING 19. Which tissue covers the body’s surface and lines body cavities and many organs? a. Epithelial mucous membranes b. Epidermal tissue c. Connective tissue d. Epithelial ANS: D Epithelium covers the body’s surface and lines body cavities, as well as lining many organs. It also forms certain glands. The epithelial mucous membrane is a specific type of epithelium. It does line some surfaces of the body, but not all; epithelial cutaneous membrane, for example, covers the body’s exterior. Epidermal tissue is the outer layer of skin. Connective tissue makes up many different body structures but does not line body cavities and cover the body’s exterior. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 58 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 20. What is a unique feature of transitional epithelium? a. It can form small, mucous-secreting vesicles called goblet cells. b. It can change into any type of epithelial tissue. c. It can stretch to accommodate changes in bladder size. d. It is stronger than other types of epithelium. ANS: C Transitional cells are a single layer of cuboidal cells that can stretch flat, which accommodates changes in bladder size. Goblet cells are modified columnar epithelium. Transitional cells cannot transform into other forms of epithelial cells and are not stronger than other types of epithelium. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 59 KEY: REMEMBERING 21. Which type of epithelium lines alveoli, and what is its function? a. Simple squamous epithelium, to allow for diffusion b. Stratified squamous epithelium, to provide protection c. Simple columnar epithelium, to secrete mucus d. Transitional epithelium, to allow for stretching ANS: A Alveoli are lined with simple squamous epithelium to allow for the easy diffusion of gases. Other types of epithelium line other areas of the respiratory tract but are not found in the alveoli. PTS: 1 DIF: D REF: 59 KEY: ANALYZING 22. Which set of shapes is associated with epithelial cells? a. Squamous (flat), cuboidal, columnar b. Globular, elongated, striated c. Smooth, striated, cardiac d. Planar, spindled, disklike ANS: A Squamous (flat), cuboidal, or columnar are terms that describe the shapes of epithelial cells. Elongated, striated, smooth, cardiac, spindled, and disklike are terms associated with muscle and nerve tissue. Globular and planar are not used to describe tissue cell types. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 58 KEY: REMEMBERING 23. What is the main difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? a. Exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts, and endocrine glands secrete substances into the bloodstre b. Endocrine glands secrete substances into ducts, and exocrine glands secrete substances into the bloodstre c. Exocrine glands secrete hormones, and endocrine glands secrete tears, sweat, and gastric juices. d. Exocrine and endocrine glands secrete hormones, but only exocrine glands secrete tears, sweat, or gastric j ANS: A Exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts, whereas endocrine glands secrete substances directly into the bloodstream. Endocrine glands secrete hormones; exocrine glands secrete such substances as tears, sweat, and gastric juices. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 58 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 24. Which statement describes the function of simple squamous epithelium? a. Strong, flexible fibers that resist stretching b. Helps insulate the body to conserve heat c. Joined by intercalated discs d. Allows for ready diffusion because of thinness ANS: D Simple squamous epithelium allows for ready diffusion because of its thinness. Strong, flexible fibers that resist stretching are characteristic of collagen; adipose tissue insulates the body; and cells joined by intercalated discs are cardiac muscle cells. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 59 KEY: REMEMBERING 25. Which type of epithelial tissue lines the digestive tract where it secretes mucus from its goblet cells? a. Simple squamous epithelium b. Simple columnar epithelium c. Stratified squamous epithelium d. Simple cuboidal epithelium ANS: B Simple columnar epithelium secretes mucus from goblet cells into the gastrointestinal tract. Simple squamous epithelium lines alveoli and does not secrete mucus. Stratified squamous epithelium does not secrete mucus; it forms the epidermis and lines the esophagus. Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in the ducts and tubules of many organs. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 59 KEY: REMEMBERING 26. What are the key functions of epithelium? a. Protection, secretion, conduction, filtration b. Absorption, secretion, conduction, protection c. Protection, contraction, absorption, diffusion d. Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion ANS: D The purposes of epithelium are protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion. Epithelium does not conduct electrical impulses, nor does it contract. Diffusion can occur through simple squamous epithelium, but it is not a key function. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 58 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 27. What characteristic distinguishes connective tissue from other types of tissue? a. Its variety of cell shapes b. Its ability to stretch c. Its lack of blood supply d. Its extracellular matrix ANS: D The key and distinguishing component of connective tissue is its extracellular matrix. Varying cell shape, elasticity, and lack of blood vessels are shared by other tissue types. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 61 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 28. Which of the following statements about connective tissue is accurate? a. It covers the body’s surface. b. Some of its key functions involve absorption, filtration, and secretion. c. It contains no blood vessels. d. It has an extracellular matrix consisting of protein fibers and fluid. ANS: D The key component of connective tissue is the extracellular matrix, which consists of varying amounts of protein fibers and fluid. All of the other statements pertain to epithelial tissue. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 61 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 29. The extracellular matrix consists of a. fibers that vary in elasticity. b. protein fibers and fluid. c. tough fibers that form a framework. d. cells in a gel-like substance. ANS: B The extracellular matrix consists of protein fibers and fluid. Elastic fibers are part of the extracellular matrix but are not the only fibers. The fibers in the extracellular matrix are not always tough; they can be fragile or gel-like. The extracellular matrix contains cells but is not made of cells. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 61 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 30. Which statement about extracellular matrix is accurate? a. It varies in consistency based on the amount of protein fibers and fluid. b. It creates the blood vessels and capillaries found in cartilage. c. It provides oxygen and nutrients to bone, which does not have blood vessels. d. It is essential for the formation of neurons. ANS: A The matrix consists of varying kinds and amounts of protein fibers and fluids; it’s the variation in composition that gives the tissue its characteristics. Cartilage does not have blood vessels. Bone does have blood vessels. The extracellular matrix is not a component of neural tissue. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 61 KEY: ANALYZING 31. Which phrase describes collagenous fibers? a. Has a striped appearance (striations) b. Strong and flexible c. Resembles a fine net d. Can stretch and recoil ANS: B Collagenous fibers are strong and flexible. Skeletal and cardiac muscle have striations, which are alternating light and dark bands that give the muscle a striped appearance. Reticular fibers resemble a fine net. Elastic fibers stretch and recoil. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 61 KEY: REMEMBERING 32. Which types of fibers are found in connective tissue? a. Fibrous, reticular, areolar, and elastic fibers b. Areolar, reticular, and collagenous fibers c. Collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers d. Collagenous, reticular, areolar, and adipose fibers ANS: C Connective tissue contains collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers. Areolar tissue is a type of loose connective tissue that contains collagen and elastin fibers in a gel-type matrix. Likewise, adipose describes another type of loose connective tissue in which the majority of cells are fat cells. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 61 KEY: ANALYZING 33. Which connective tissue fiber is most abundant in the human body? a. Collagenous fibers b. Elastic fibers c. Areolar fibers d. Adipose fibers ANS: A Collagenous fibers are the most widespread and abundant. Elastin fibers are prevalent in tissue that must stretch but are not the most abundant. Areolar and adipose are types of connective tissue, not types of fibers. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 61 KEY: REMEMBERING 34. The basic types of connective tissue are a. tendons, cartilage, bone, and blood. b. loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, bone, and blood. c. fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. d. collagen, cartilage, epithelium, and blood. ANS: C The four basic types of connective tissue include fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Dense connective tissue comprises tendons. Loose and dense connective tissue are types of fibrous connective tissue. Collagen is a protein that forms some of the fibers found in dense connective tissue; epithelium is not a connective tissue. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 61 KEY: REMEMBERING 35. Which statement about fibrous connective tissue is accurate? a. It can be loose or dense. b. It forms bone. c. It forms cartilage. d. It is composed of chondrocytes. ANS: A Fibrous connective tissue may be loose or dense. Bone and cartilage are different types of connective tissue, not fibrous connective tissue. Chondrocytes are the cells that make up cartilage— another type of connective tissue. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 61 KEY: REMEMBERING 36. Blood is considered connective tissue because a. it connects everything in the body. b. it has collagenous fibers. c. it contains many types of cells. d. it has an extracellular matrix. ANS: D The extracellular matrix identifies blood as a connective tissue. Blood can be thought of as “connecting” everything in the body, and it does contain collagenous fibers and many types of cells; however, it is the extracellular matrix that makes it connective tissue. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 61 KEY: ANALYZING 37. What makes up the extracellular matrix of blood? a. Blood cells b. Reticular fibers c. Collagenous fibers d. Plasma ANS: D The extracellular matrix of blood is plasma, in which blood cells are suspended. Unlike other connective tissues, blood does not contain any fibers. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 62 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 38. Which structure transmits impulses to the soma? a. Axons b. Dendrites c. Intercalated discs d. Neuroglia ANS: B Dendrites are short processes that extend from the soma of a nerve cell and transmit impulses from other cells to the soma. Axons transmit impulses to other cells. Intercalated discs are a feature of cardiac muscle. Neuroglia cells protect and assist neurons. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 64 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 39. Which is the defining feature of nervous tissue? a. It consists of cells. b. It is found only in the brain. c. It is found only in the spinal cord. d. It is very excitable. ANS: D A high degree of excitability distinguishes nervous tissue from other tissues and allows it to communicate rapidly with cells in other parts of the body. All tissue, not just nervous tissue, consists of cells. Nervous tissue is also found outside the brain and spinal cord. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 64 KEY: REMEMBERING 40. What are the main structures of a neuron? a. Soma, axon, dendrite b. Soma, neuroglia, dendrite, axon c. Nucleus, dendrite, axon d. Soma, organelle, dendrite ANS: A The main structures of a neuron are soma, axon, and dendrite. Neuroglia are a specific type of nervous tissue cell. Organelles and the nucleus are contained in the soma. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 64 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 41. Which best describes the soma of a neuron? a. The soma surrounds the nucleus. b. The soma is the large cell body of the neuron. c. The soma is a branch of a dendrite. d. The soma is the long fiber that extends from the cell nucleus. ANS: B The soma is the large body of a neuron. Although the nucleus is situated within the soma, the more important point is that it is the body of the neuron. It is not a branch of a dendrite. The long fiber that extends from the body is the axon. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 64 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 42. Which cells protect and support neurons? a. Neurocytes b. Neuroblasts c. Neuroma d. Neuroglia ANS: D Neuroglia cells are the cells that protect and support the neurons. Neurocyte is a generic term for neuron or any type of nerve cell. Neuroblasts are immature cells that may develop into either neurons or neuroglia. A neuroma is a tumor on nerve tissue. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 64 KEY: REMEMBERING 43. Types of muscle tissue include a. skeletal, striated, and cardiac. b. cardiac, somatic, and skeletal. c. smooth, striated, and cardiac. d. cardiac, smooth, and somatic. ANS: C Smooth, striated (also called skeletal), and cardiac muscle comprise the three types of muscle tissue. Skeletal and striated are the same type of muscle tissues. Somatic refers to the body and is not a type of muscle tissue. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 64 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 44. Smooth muscle a. is composed of soma, a muscle fiber. b. attaches to major bones. c. forms the heart muscle. d. lines the digestive tract and controls blood vessel diameter. ANS: D Smooth muscle lines the digestive tract and controls blood vessel diameter. It lines many other organs as well. A soma is the large cell body of a neuron. Skeletal muscle attaches to bone, not smooth muscle. Muscle tissue in the heart is different from other muscle tissue and is called cardiac muscle. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 64 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 45. Skeletal muscle is known by what other names? a. Vascular and involuntary b. Striated and involuntary c. Autonomic and smooth d. Striated and voluntary ANS: D Skeletal muscle can be called striated muscle because of the light and dark bands, called striations, that give skeletal muscle its striped appearance. It also is called voluntary muscle because we can control movement of these muscles voluntarily. Vascular, involuntary, and smooth refer to smooth muscle, which is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 64 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 46. Which statement accurately describes the most important difference between cardiac muscle and smooth muscle? a. Smooth muscle is under voluntary control, whereas cardiac muscle is not. b. Cardiac muscle has special junctions called intercalated discs that smooth muscle does not. c. Smooth muscle has no role in controlling blood pressure, whereas cardiac muscle does. d. Cardiac muscle is found in blood vessels, whereas smooth muscle is found in other organ systems, such as respiratory and digestive tracts. ANS: B The intercalated discs that form the junctions between cardiac cells allow it to transmit electrical impulses rapidly. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are involuntary muscles; smooth muscle controls blood pressure by changing the diameter of blood vessels. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 64 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 47. What is granulation tissue, and what is its role in wound healing? a. It is newly formed epithelial tissue; it lines wound cavities forming layer upon layer to fill the wound. b. It is tissue made of stem cells that develop into any type of tissue; it replaces different types of tissue that we destroyed or damaged when the wound occurred. c. It is connective tissue that fills in the wound cavity and forms scar tissue. d. It is smooth muscle and epithelial tissue, which fills the wound and forms new blood vessels. ANS: C Granulation tissue is connective tissue that fills in and reconnects disrupted tissue during wound healing. Granulation tissue is not epithelial tissue, although reepithelialization is part of wound healing. Granulation tissue is not made of stem cells or smooth muscle. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 65 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 48. Which cells clean up cellular debris and bacteria in a wound? a. White blood cells b. Fibroblasts c. Epithelial cells d. Red blood cells ANS: A White blood cells ingest bacteria and cellular debris to keep the wound bed clean. Fibroblasts secrete collagen. Epithelial cells form under the scab to cover and close the wound with functional tissue. Red blood cells transport oxygen. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 65 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 49. Membranes consist of a. smooth muscle and epithelium. b. nervous tissue and squamous cells. c. connective tissue and/or epithelial tissue. d. muscle tissue and a single layer of columnar epithelium. ANS: C Membranes are made of connective tissue and/or epithelial tissue. Muscle and nervous tissue are not components of membranes. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 66 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 50. Membranes a. line body cavities, cover body surfaces, and separate organs. b. contain contractile cells that allow an organ to move. c. secrete hormones and other substances directly into the bloodstream. d. are a loose connective tissue dominated by fat cells. ANS: A Membranes line body cavities, cover body surfaces, and separate organs (or parts of organs) from each other. Contractile cells are a feature of muscle tissue. Secretion of hormones directly into the bloodstream is an attribute of endocrine glands. The loose connective tissue dominated by fat cells is called adipose tissue. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 66 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 51. The main function of serous membranes is a. secretion of mucus to cushion organs. b. secretion of watery fluid to reduce friction. c. lining body surfaces exposed to the outside environment. d. covering the exterior surface of the body. ANS: B The primary purpose of serous membranes is to secrete serous fluid, which reduces friction as organs, especially the heart and lungs, expand and contract. Mucous membranes secrete mucus; they also line body surfaces exposed to the outside environment. Cutaneous membranes cover the exterior surface of the body. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 66 KEY: UNDERSTANDING TRUE/FALSE 52. Nerve tissue heals primarily by regeneration. ANS: F Nerve tissue has limited capacity to regenerate; it heals primarily by fibrosis. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 65 KEY: REMEMBERING 53. Smooth muscle helps control blood pressure by changing blood vessel diameter. ANS: T Smooth muscle, which exists in the walls of blood vessels, responds to autonomic stimuli by either contracting or dilating the blood vessel diameter. This has a profound effect on blood pressure. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 64 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 54. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more than 200 types of specialized cells. ANS: T Embryonic stem cells can develop into any cell arising from the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 57 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 55. Adipose tissue is a connective tissue that protects various organs of the body. ANS: T Adipose tissue is connective tissue composed primarily of fat cells; it helps cushion and protect organs. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 61 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 56. Cartilage heals quickly because of its rich supply of blood vessels. ANS: F Cartilage has no blood supply. Without a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients provided by blood, cartilage heals slowly. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 62 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 57. The hardness of bone is due to mineral crystals contained within the extracellular matrix. ANS: T Calcium and other mineral crystals give bone its density and hardness. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 62 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 58. Muscle tissue heals primarily by regeneration. ANS: F Muscle tissue has a limited capacity for regeneration; it heals primarily by fibrosis. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 65 KEY: UNDERSTANDING 59. The pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium are all serous membranes. ANS: T The pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium are all serous membranes that secrete serous fluid to prevent friction as the organs under the membranes move. PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 66 KEY: UNDERSTANDING Chapter 7: Skeletal System MATCHING Match each term to its definition. a. condyle h. sulcus b. facet i. foramen c. process j. meatus d. trochanter k. sinus e. tubercle l. head f. tuberosity m. crest g. fossa n. epicondyle 1. The prominent, expanded end of a bone 2. A projection or raised area 3. A large process; found only in the femur 4. A rough, raised bump, usually for muscle attachment 5. A round opening, usually a passageway for vessels and nerves 6. A groove or elongated depression 7. A flat surface 8. A moderately raised ridge 9. A tubelike opening 10. A small, rounded process 11. A rounded knob; usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint 1. ANS: L PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 98 KEY: REMEMBERING