Summary Pharm Exam 2 Study Guide, Module 4

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Module 4
Upper Respiratory Lower Respiratory
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_________________ _________________
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_________________ _________________
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Where does gas exchange occur? __________________________________________________
a NORMAL person with NO respiratory conditions; ___________Chemoreceptors in the
_____________ of the brain kicks in & tells us to breathe when _____________________ levels
are increased which causes faster & deeper breathing.
INCREASED CO2 = INCREASED Ventilation (body needs to get rid of CO2 & GAIN oxygen)
Issues in the alveoli is also called _________________ (fluid-filled, collapsed) which means NO
gas exchange, NO AIR in the alveoli.
a person WITH respiratory problems; CO2 is NOT able to leave the lungs. CO2 is always
_______________ (as in COPD). Central chemoreceptors SHUT DOWN. ________________
chemoreceptors take over & then tells us to breathe when oxygen is LOW.
Asthma – what is it? _____________________________________________________________
What does asthma produce? _____________, __________________, &____________________

Signs/Symptoms: What is Dyspnea? ______________________________________

 Breathlessness Bronchial airways become inflamed & edematous leading to
 Chest tightness ________________. Airways become HYPERresponsive to
 Wheezing (1st indicator) stimuli which causes _______________.
 Coughing If you have mucous, does air get deep into the lungs & alveoli?
 Dyspnea NO. Mucous NARROWS airways causing inflammation &
constriction.




Mast cells- type of white blood cell found in connective tissues throughout the body & is
part of the immune system. They play an important protective role.

, What do mast cells produce? _________________(histamine, leukotrienes, interleukins,
prostaglandins) & leads to inflammation which can be reduced with mast cell stabilizers.
Allergen exposure happens to produce immune response.
Mediators- compounds released in the blood or tissue fluids.
2 effects: _________________________ & ____________________________ which
causes the edema & mucous in the lungs.

COPD – inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow FROM the lungs.
Caused by long-term exposure (smoking, gases, etc.)
Signs/Symptoms: What are the 2 MAJOR components of COPD?
 Dyspnea
____________________ - bronchial edema & mucous.
 Coughing ____________________ - continuous inflammation & inhibits
 Mucous protease inhibitors (protects alveolar integrity).
 Wheezing Drug therapy does NOT slow progression of disease!
 Poor exercise tolerance No more than 2/L via nasal cannula!! Always check the level of
oxygen b/c family members WILL increase oxygen & kill the pt.
unintentionally
**pts. drive to breathe will SHUT DOWN if given too much oxygen!!**

Drugs for Asthma & COPD
Glucocorticoids(steroid) – anti-inflammatory. INCREASES blood sugar. Reduces mediators,
inflammation, & edema.
- Beclomethasone (inhaled)
- Prednisone (oral) – causes: ________________, ________________, _______________
Taper off slowly to reduce the risk of _________________ disease. Know how long the pt.
has been on the medication!
Adverse Effects (inhaled) Adverse Effects (oral)
- Adrenal suppression - Adrenal suppression
- Oral candidiasis/thrush (ALWAYS have - **slowed growth in children**
pt. rinse their mouth if powdered!!) - bone loss (long-term)
- Dysphonia (hoarseness) - hyperglycemia
- **Slowed growth in children** - **peptic ulcer disease**
- Bone loss (long-term)

Others:
- Cromolyn (mast cell stabilizer, inhaled) – safest for asthma. Used ________________.
Does NOT bronchodilate. Reduces
**do NOT inhale peppermint oil for
____________________. asthma or COPD. Will KILL pt.**
Side Effects: cough & bronchoconstriction