STUDY GUIDE QUIZ FOR FEB 16
o Stem cells:
A stem cell has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various
other kinds of cells and tissues.
o Characteristics of Stem cells
Stem cells are different from other cells in the body in three ways:
They can divide and renew themselves over a long time. They are unspecialized,
so they cannot do specific functions in the body. They have the potential to
become specialized cells, such as muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells
Pluripotent stem cells “Master Cells”
Hematopoietic (bone marrow)
Lymphopoietic (thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissues)
myeloid stem cells
They are derived from Hematopoietic stem cells. They differentiate into
Erythrocyte progenitor cell (forms erythrocytes), Thrombocyte progenitor cell
(forms platelets) and Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor cell (forms monocytes,
macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells).
lymphoid stem cells
Lymphocytes are mature, infection-fighting cells that develop from
lymphoblasts, a type of blood stem cell in the bone marrow. Lymphocytes are
the main cells that make up lymphoid tissue, a major part of the immune
system.
Leukopenia
Decrease absolute number leukocytes
WBC-Development
Myeloid stem cells … granulocytes and monocytes
, Lymphoid stem cells… lymphocytes cell
Blast cells grow and mature
Leukopenia Leukocytosis
An abnormal reduction of white blood cells An increase in the number of white blood cells
leukocytosis
Neutropenia-Neutropenia is a low neutrophil count and results from decreased production,
accelerated utilization, increased destruction, or a shift in compartments
A fever, which is a temperature of 100.5°F (38°C) or higher, Chills or sweating, Sore
throat, sores in the mouth, or a toothache, Abdominal pain, Pain near the anus
(anorectal infection), Pain or burning when urinating, or urinating often, Diarrhea or
sores around the anus, A cough or shortness of breath, Any redness, swelling, or pain
(especially around a cut, wound, or catheter), Unusual vaginal discharge or itching
Interpretation Circulating Neutrophil count
low <1500
mild 1000-1500
moderate 500-1000
severe <500
How to calculate an absolute neutrophil count and what is a normal value and what indicates
severe neutropenia
1. ´Multiply the percentage of neutrophils by the total number of WBCs ( in thousands).
2. If bands are listed as a percentage of WBCs, add them to the neutrophils before multiplying.
WBC X Total neutrophils/100 = ANC
Ex.
, WBC count is 2,000, with 65% neutrophils and 5% bands…
ANC = [(65 + 5) ÷ 100] × 2,000
o Is neutropenia ever normal
It sometimes results from an infection, but it is also often a result of treatment for
cancer. It is estimated that 50 percent of the people who get chemotherapy will develop
neutropenia. Some ethnic groups may have neutrophil counts in the 1,200 range that
are considered normal for them.
Benign Ethnic Neutropenia (BEN)-an inherited cause of mild/moderate neutropenia that is not
associated with any increased risk for infections or other clinical manifestations..
o Duffy Antigen Receptor Chemokine (DARC) gene
Ethnic
African
Arab
Ethiopian
Yemenite Jewish descent
Aplastic Anemia
o a rare disease in which the bone marrow stops producing enough blood cells.
Manifestations
Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Muscle spasms, Rapid or irregular heart
rate, Pale skin, Frequent or prolonged infections
Clinical manifestations
Unexplained or easy bruising, Nosebleeds and bleeding gums,
Prolonged bleeding from cuts, Skin rash, Dizziness, Headache, Fever
Treatment
Medications, Blood transfusions, Bone marrow transplant
Infectious Mononucleosis
o Infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
o The virus remains within the host for life and is intermittently and asymptomatically
shed from the oropharynx.
o Clinical manifestation
o Stem cells:
A stem cell has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various
other kinds of cells and tissues.
o Characteristics of Stem cells
Stem cells are different from other cells in the body in three ways:
They can divide and renew themselves over a long time. They are unspecialized,
so they cannot do specific functions in the body. They have the potential to
become specialized cells, such as muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells
Pluripotent stem cells “Master Cells”
Hematopoietic (bone marrow)
Lymphopoietic (thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissues)
myeloid stem cells
They are derived from Hematopoietic stem cells. They differentiate into
Erythrocyte progenitor cell (forms erythrocytes), Thrombocyte progenitor cell
(forms platelets) and Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor cell (forms monocytes,
macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells).
lymphoid stem cells
Lymphocytes are mature, infection-fighting cells that develop from
lymphoblasts, a type of blood stem cell in the bone marrow. Lymphocytes are
the main cells that make up lymphoid tissue, a major part of the immune
system.
Leukopenia
Decrease absolute number leukocytes
WBC-Development
Myeloid stem cells … granulocytes and monocytes
, Lymphoid stem cells… lymphocytes cell
Blast cells grow and mature
Leukopenia Leukocytosis
An abnormal reduction of white blood cells An increase in the number of white blood cells
leukocytosis
Neutropenia-Neutropenia is a low neutrophil count and results from decreased production,
accelerated utilization, increased destruction, or a shift in compartments
A fever, which is a temperature of 100.5°F (38°C) or higher, Chills or sweating, Sore
throat, sores in the mouth, or a toothache, Abdominal pain, Pain near the anus
(anorectal infection), Pain or burning when urinating, or urinating often, Diarrhea or
sores around the anus, A cough or shortness of breath, Any redness, swelling, or pain
(especially around a cut, wound, or catheter), Unusual vaginal discharge or itching
Interpretation Circulating Neutrophil count
low <1500
mild 1000-1500
moderate 500-1000
severe <500
How to calculate an absolute neutrophil count and what is a normal value and what indicates
severe neutropenia
1. ´Multiply the percentage of neutrophils by the total number of WBCs ( in thousands).
2. If bands are listed as a percentage of WBCs, add them to the neutrophils before multiplying.
WBC X Total neutrophils/100 = ANC
Ex.
, WBC count is 2,000, with 65% neutrophils and 5% bands…
ANC = [(65 + 5) ÷ 100] × 2,000
o Is neutropenia ever normal
It sometimes results from an infection, but it is also often a result of treatment for
cancer. It is estimated that 50 percent of the people who get chemotherapy will develop
neutropenia. Some ethnic groups may have neutrophil counts in the 1,200 range that
are considered normal for them.
Benign Ethnic Neutropenia (BEN)-an inherited cause of mild/moderate neutropenia that is not
associated with any increased risk for infections or other clinical manifestations..
o Duffy Antigen Receptor Chemokine (DARC) gene
Ethnic
African
Arab
Ethiopian
Yemenite Jewish descent
Aplastic Anemia
o a rare disease in which the bone marrow stops producing enough blood cells.
Manifestations
Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Muscle spasms, Rapid or irregular heart
rate, Pale skin, Frequent or prolonged infections
Clinical manifestations
Unexplained or easy bruising, Nosebleeds and bleeding gums,
Prolonged bleeding from cuts, Skin rash, Dizziness, Headache, Fever
Treatment
Medications, Blood transfusions, Bone marrow transplant
Infectious Mononucleosis
o Infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
o The virus remains within the host for life and is intermittently and asymptomatically
shed from the oropharynx.
o Clinical manifestation
