BIO 2514 Anatomy and Physiology final exam

Anatomy and
Physiology final exam
 Tissues are composed of similar types of cells that perform a specific function.
 Organelles are composed of macromolecules.
 Levels of Organization: Atom – Molecule – Organelle – Cell – Tissue – Organ –
Organ System – Organism
 Posterior indicates a body part located toward the rear of the body
 Sagittal plane divides the body into mirror images
 Dorsal cavity contains the cranial cavity
 The Circulatory System is responsible for the circulation of blood in the
organism
 The Urinary System filters waste from the blood.
 The Thoracic Cavity contains the lungs
 The Dorsal Cavity contains the brain and spinal cord
 Superior indicates a body part located above another body part.
 The Atomic Number of an atom is the number of protons of that atom
 The Atomic weight of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons added
together
 Lateral defines a body part located on the side of the body
 Chromosomes are located in the nucleus.
 Matrix / Collagen Fibers / Widely Spaced Cells are associated with
connective tissues however Exocrine glands are not
 Adipose Tissue is also known as fat
 Bone is made up of a matrix with calcium mineral salts
 Skeletal Muscle is formed from striated, cylindrical cells.
 Epithelial Tissue covers surfaces, lines cavities, and lines blood vessels.
 Phospholipids belong in the Lipid macromolecule group.
 Connective Tissue includes bone, cartilage, and blood.
 Neurons are nerve cells
 Neuroglial cells are associated with neurons
 The primary organs associated with the reproductive system are male testicles
and female ovaries.
 Cell Terminology
o SHAPE
 Squamous-cells are flat


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,  Cuboidal-cube shaped
 Columnar-column shaped
o STRATIFICATION
 Simple-one layer
 Stratified-more than one layer
 Transitional-more than one layer and more than one shape
 Cells are spaced far apart and widely separated in connective tissues
(surrounded by the matrix).
 A Neuroglial Cell is the most numerous cell type found in nervous tissue.
 Cardiac muscle is not directly controlled by the brain
 Covalent bonds result from the sharing of electrons, Ionic bonds result from
the attraction between opposite charges
 Organic compounds always contain carbon atoms
 The subunit molecules forming lipids are glycerol and fatty acids
 An atom is the smallest part of an element that can enter into a reaction
 Smooth muscle is commonly found in the reproductive system as well as the
digestive tract, circulatory system, and urinary tract
 Carbohydrates are composed of simple sugars linked together
 ATP, DNA, and RNA are all nucleic acids
 Water is the most abundant molecule in a living organism
 The Plasma Membrane is made up of:
o Glycerol
o Two Fatty Acids
o A Phosphate Group
 Phospholipids
 Proteins
 Cholesterol
 The Nucleus is surrounded by a membrane that contains the info needed to
make proteins that is within DNA which is located in the nucleus
 Vesicles may be produced by the Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and
the plasma membrane.
 Difference between Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:
o Smooth: Nothing located on the outer surface
o Rough: Ribosomes attached to the outer surface
 Mitochondria functions in ATP production
 Ribosomes produce proteins, they read RNA which allows them to produce
proteins
 Glycolipids and Glycoproteins are found on the outer surface of the plasma
membrane and their function is cell to cell communication.
 The basement membrane (basal lamina) is formed from connective tissue


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