Human Anatomy (Biology 2)
Lecture Notes
Updated July 2017
Instructor: Rebecca Bailey
1
,Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
• Terms
- Anatomy: the study of body structure and relationships among structures
- Physiology: the study of body function
• Levels of Organization
- Chemical level
1. atoms and molecules
- Cells
1. the basic unit of all living things
- Tissues
1. cells join together to perform a particular function
- Organs
1. tissues join together to perform a particular function
- Organ system
1. organs join together to perform a particular function
- Organismal
1. the whole body
• Organ Systems
• Anatomical Position
• Regional Names
- Axial region
1. head
2. neck
3. trunk
a. thorax
b. abdomen
c. pelvis
d. perineum
- Appendicular region
1. limbs
• Directional Terms
- Superior (above) vs. Inferior (below)
- Anterior (toward the front) vs. Posterior (toward the back)(Dorsal vs. Ventral)
- Medial (toward the midline) vs. Lateral (away from the midline)
- Intermediate (between a more medial and a more lateral structure)
- Proximal (closer to the point of origin) vs. Distal (farther from the point of origin)
- Superficial (toward the surface) vs. Deep (away from the surface)
• Planes and Sections divide the body or organ
- Frontal or coronal
1. divides into anterior/posterior
2
, - Sagittal
1. divides into right and left halves
2. includes midsagittal and parasagittal
- Transverse or cross-sectional
1. divides into superior/inferior
• Body Cavities
- Dorsal
1. cranial cavity
2. vertebral cavity
- Ventral
1. lined with serous membrane
2. viscera (organs) covered by serous membrane
3. thoracic cavity
a. two pleural cavities contain the lungs
b. pericardial cavity contains heart
c. the cavities are defined by serous membrane
d. mediastinum is the area between the pleurae, includes everything in thoracic cavity
except lungs
4. abdominopelvic cavity
a. abdominal cavity is lined by peritoneum (serous membrane), which also covers organs
b. pelvic cavity has reproductive organs, bladder, portions of large intestine
c. regions and quadrants
3
, Chapter 2 Cells
• Cell basics
- about 100 trillion cells in a human
- size and shape related to function
- in general very small, but a range of sizes
1. 8 - 140 µm in diameter, but typically 10 - 20 µm (µm=1/1000 mm or 1/25,000 inch)
- the Generalized Cell and its major parts
1. plasma membrane separates inside from outside
a. intracellular fluid (ICF)
b. extracellular fluid (ECF)
2. nucleus is the control center
3. cytoplasm is everything between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
a. cytosol - semiliquid portion (ICF), which suspends the other parts and is a site of chemical
reaction
b. organelles - specialized structures with specific functions
c. inclusions - temporary storage structures
• The Plasma Membrane
- Structure
1. phospholipid bilayer is the basic structure
a. important for fluidity
b. is a barrier
2. cholesterol
a. fluidity and stability
3. proteins
a. integral proteins span the membrane, may be channels, transporters, receptors
b. peripheral proteins are on one side only, may be enzymes or anchors for cytoskeleton
4. carbohydrates
a. on outer surface only, includes glycoproteins and glycolipids (collectively called
glycocalyx), important for recognition of self, attachments to other cells
- Basic functions
1. communication within body and with non-self cells
2. defines boundaries and protects
3. maintains chemical and electrical gradients
4. selective permeability - controls what gets in and out
- Membrane Transport
1. Passive (cell does not use up its own energy)
a. diffusion - molecules move down their concentration gradient from greater → lesser
concentration, charged molecules move down electrochemical gradients
1) simple diffusion - moves through bilayer or protein channel
2) osmosis - water moves across bilayer
3) facilitated diffusion - uses a protein carrier
b. filtration - water and solutes forced through membrane by hydrostatic pressure
2. Active (requires the cell to use its ATP)
a. carrier proteins transport substance against its concentration gradient
b. endocytosis - substance brought into cell
1) piece of membrane surrounds substance and pinches off inside cell (vesicle)
2) pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell eating)
c. exocytosis - opposite of endocytosis
4
Lecture Notes
Updated July 2017
Instructor: Rebecca Bailey
1
,Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
• Terms
- Anatomy: the study of body structure and relationships among structures
- Physiology: the study of body function
• Levels of Organization
- Chemical level
1. atoms and molecules
- Cells
1. the basic unit of all living things
- Tissues
1. cells join together to perform a particular function
- Organs
1. tissues join together to perform a particular function
- Organ system
1. organs join together to perform a particular function
- Organismal
1. the whole body
• Organ Systems
• Anatomical Position
• Regional Names
- Axial region
1. head
2. neck
3. trunk
a. thorax
b. abdomen
c. pelvis
d. perineum
- Appendicular region
1. limbs
• Directional Terms
- Superior (above) vs. Inferior (below)
- Anterior (toward the front) vs. Posterior (toward the back)(Dorsal vs. Ventral)
- Medial (toward the midline) vs. Lateral (away from the midline)
- Intermediate (between a more medial and a more lateral structure)
- Proximal (closer to the point of origin) vs. Distal (farther from the point of origin)
- Superficial (toward the surface) vs. Deep (away from the surface)
• Planes and Sections divide the body or organ
- Frontal or coronal
1. divides into anterior/posterior
2
, - Sagittal
1. divides into right and left halves
2. includes midsagittal and parasagittal
- Transverse or cross-sectional
1. divides into superior/inferior
• Body Cavities
- Dorsal
1. cranial cavity
2. vertebral cavity
- Ventral
1. lined with serous membrane
2. viscera (organs) covered by serous membrane
3. thoracic cavity
a. two pleural cavities contain the lungs
b. pericardial cavity contains heart
c. the cavities are defined by serous membrane
d. mediastinum is the area between the pleurae, includes everything in thoracic cavity
except lungs
4. abdominopelvic cavity
a. abdominal cavity is lined by peritoneum (serous membrane), which also covers organs
b. pelvic cavity has reproductive organs, bladder, portions of large intestine
c. regions and quadrants
3
, Chapter 2 Cells
• Cell basics
- about 100 trillion cells in a human
- size and shape related to function
- in general very small, but a range of sizes
1. 8 - 140 µm in diameter, but typically 10 - 20 µm (µm=1/1000 mm or 1/25,000 inch)
- the Generalized Cell and its major parts
1. plasma membrane separates inside from outside
a. intracellular fluid (ICF)
b. extracellular fluid (ECF)
2. nucleus is the control center
3. cytoplasm is everything between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
a. cytosol - semiliquid portion (ICF), which suspends the other parts and is a site of chemical
reaction
b. organelles - specialized structures with specific functions
c. inclusions - temporary storage structures
• The Plasma Membrane
- Structure
1. phospholipid bilayer is the basic structure
a. important for fluidity
b. is a barrier
2. cholesterol
a. fluidity and stability
3. proteins
a. integral proteins span the membrane, may be channels, transporters, receptors
b. peripheral proteins are on one side only, may be enzymes or anchors for cytoskeleton
4. carbohydrates
a. on outer surface only, includes glycoproteins and glycolipids (collectively called
glycocalyx), important for recognition of self, attachments to other cells
- Basic functions
1. communication within body and with non-self cells
2. defines boundaries and protects
3. maintains chemical and electrical gradients
4. selective permeability - controls what gets in and out
- Membrane Transport
1. Passive (cell does not use up its own energy)
a. diffusion - molecules move down their concentration gradient from greater → lesser
concentration, charged molecules move down electrochemical gradients
1) simple diffusion - moves through bilayer or protein channel
2) osmosis - water moves across bilayer
3) facilitated diffusion - uses a protein carrier
b. filtration - water and solutes forced through membrane by hydrostatic pressure
2. Active (requires the cell to use its ATP)
a. carrier proteins transport substance against its concentration gradient
b. endocytosis - substance brought into cell
1) piece of membrane surrounds substance and pinches off inside cell (vesicle)
2) pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell eating)
c. exocytosis - opposite of endocytosis
4
