BI 101 Final exam and study guide
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Correct answers will be available on May 29 at 10pm.
Score for this quiz: 244 out of 256
Submitted May 6 at 5:53pm
This attempt took 119 minutes.
pts
Question 1
List the four major classes or groups of biological macromolecules and explain one function or importance of each.
Your Answer:
A. Carbohydrates. Carbs are sugars or polymers of sugars. There are simple sugars like glucose and fructose, double sugars like sucrose,
and complex carbs in starchy foods like potatoes and grains. Carbs are important as 1) a source of dietary energy, and 2) as part of other
compounds that DNA/RNA are built on. Simple sugars are fuel for cells. Hospitals use solutions of these to give to patients who need and
extra energy boost. (Simon, Dickey and Reece , Pgs 39-42)
B. Proteins. Proteins are essential to how cells operate. They are involved in most every bodily process you have. Proteins are made up of
amino acids. They all have a single H atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group, which are the same in every compound. The difference
is in the side group. The side group could be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on its function. “With proteins, function follows
form.” This means that the shape of the protein determines what it does. (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pgs 46-48)
C. Lipids. Pretty sure lipids are included in this part as the lecture has indicated, but the textbook says (pg. 43) they are no t
macromolecules or polymers. However, I am going to roll with it regardless. Lipids are broken up into fats and steroids. They are both
hydrophobic and are don’t mix well with water or other hydrophilic compounds (like oil and vinegar). Fatty acids store lots of energy and are
difficult to get rid of if you are trying to lose weight (as I can attest to). Another important function of fats is to cushion/shield our vital organs
and even help with insulation of our bodies from some cold. Steroids like estrogen and testosterone are important parts of our bodies and
what
helps make a man a man and a woman a woman. The absence of these can cause harm, in the long run, just as too much can like the
improper/illegal use of anabolic steroids. While they get a bad rap in athletic arenas, there are legitimate uses of the steroids such as when
someone’s body is not making enough naturally, or they have a disease like cancer. (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pgs 43-45) (Bowers).
D. Nucleic Acids. Nucleic Acids store the information needed to build proteins. There are two types: RNA and DNA. Nucleic acids are
made from nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine,
and uracil are the five types of bases. Nucleotides do form covalent bonds. The phosphate of one bonds to sugar of another. (Simon,
Dickey and Reece , pgs 49-50) (Bowers)
Bowers, Dr. Nancy. Unit 1: Chemistry of Life. n.d. 15 March 2016. <https://canvas.park.edu/courses/12731/pages/unit-1-chemistry-of-life?
module_item_id=978098>.
Simon, Eric J, Jean L Dickey and Jane B Reece. Campbell Essential Biology. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education Inc., 2013. Print.
pts
Question 2
Describe under what conditions you might expect your cells to undergo anaerobic respiration. Be specific as to why these conditions would
prevent normal cellular respiration to proceed. What product is produced under anaerobic conditions and is it harmful?
Your Answer:
Drowning, suffocation and carbon monoxide poisoning can lead to death because they all prevent oxygen from reaching our cells. Explain
how this lack of oxygen can lead to death; be specific about how this lack of oxygen can affect cellular metabolic processes. All animals
require oxygen to survive. While anaerobic respiration call fuel us for a very short amount of time, it doesn’t have the necessary energy
output to keep us going. Where we can get as much as 38 or so ATP from aerobic respiration, we only get about 2 from anaerobic. Our
cells need oxygen to fuel them to process the glucose molecules through the Krebb’s cycle (or citric acid cycle) and through the electron
transport chain. The process is similar to when cyanide blocks the passage of electrons to oxygen. When the ATP is not being made, our
cells stop working and eventually die. Enough cells die and so do we. (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pgs 96-99)
Simon, Eric J, Jean L Dickey and Jane B Reece. Campbell Essential Biology. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education Inc., 2013. Print.
pts
Question 3
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
Your Answer:
a Cell is smallest form of life, all living things are composted of cells, and all cells come from other cells (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pg
,BI 101 Final exam and study guide
56)
Simon, Eric J, Jean L Dickey and Jane B Reece. Campbell Essential Biology. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education Inc., 2013. Print.
pts
Question 4
Compare Mitosis and Meiosis by addressing in which type of cells they occur, how many cells are produced, the ploidy of the cells
produced and whether cells produced are identical to the parent cells or different.
Your Answer:
Mitosis: Most cells in your body do this. Some every day, some less often. Some like muscle cells, not at all; A duplicate of the cell that
just divided (body cells); daughter cells are identical to each other and parent cell; diploid; two cells (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pg 125
134)
Meiosos: Germ cells; They become the haploid egg and sperm cells that will join together to form a diploid cell. daughter cells are Usually
different based on crossing over during metaphase 1; daughter cells are different from parent cells based on crossing over during metaphase
1; four haploid cells are produced. (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pg 125-134)
pts
Question 5
Compare DNA and RNA by addressing the number of strands, sugar used, nucleotide bases used, typical location in the cell, and function
or role.
Your Answer:
DNA: two strands; deoxyribose, bases: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine; nucleus. DNA stores the genetic information needed to
make proteins
RNA: single strand; ribose; adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine; cytoplasm; carries the genetic instructions out to the cytoplasm and
meets up with ribosomes and tRNA binding sites to translate that information into proteins.
pts
Question 6
The genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a recessive allele (n). The family tree below shows the incidence of the disease
over three generations.
a. What are the two genotypes of the grandparents?
b. What is the genotype of Jane's husband?
c. What are the chances that Peter is the carrier of the PKU allele that resulted in his having an affected son? %
Your Answer:
a) Jane has the disease, so her parents would both have to have the one n allele for that. So neither can’t be NN. Neither of the
grandparents
, BI 101 Final exam and study guide
have the disease so neither can be nn. That leaves both being heterozygous Nn
b)Jane and her husband both have to pass on the recessive allele for their children to possibly get it, which one of theres did. Since one of
his children does, he can't be NN. He doesn't have it, so he is not nn himself. Therefore he is Nn, heterozygous.
c: Since both of his parents are Nn, he has a 50/50 chance of being a carrier. The mix of his parents alleles have the possibility of 1:2:1.
1NN:2Nn:1nn. And he doesn’t have the disease so nn is out. He also cant be NN because one of his children has the disease.
pts
Question 7
Darwin identified several conditions that needed to be met in order for natural selection to occur. Describe three of these conditions, being
sure to include why each condition is necessary.
Your Answer:
There is a variation of traits. Natural selection is selection that acts on phenotypes so there has to be at least 2 of them (light and dark
moth; red vs green fish
There is differential reproduction. Not everyone gets to breed to their full potential. Natural selection favors one trait over another and one
gets to live/produce more offspring (again the moth example)
There is heredity. The offspring must be like thier parents. The parents pass down the trait which allowed them to reproduce so the
offspring can as well so long as there isn't a difference in environment. Like when the bark went dark changing which moths the birds ate
Bowers, Dr. Nancy. Unit 7: Evolution. 2016. Webpage. 27 April 2016. <https://canvas.park.edu/courses/12731/pages/unit-7-evolution?
module_item_id=978146>.
Simon, Eric J, Jean L Dickey and Jane B Reece. Campbell Essential Biology. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education Inc., 2013. Print.
pts
Question 8
Use the diagram below to answer the following questions:
a. Identify two primary producers:
b. Identify two primary consumers:
c. Identify two secondary consumers:
d. How many trophic levels does this food web have?
Your Answer:
Primary producers: rosebush, oak tree, grass
Primary consumers: deer, rabbit, squirrel, caterpillar
Secondary consumers; wolf, hawk, sparrow, frog, snake
Four trophic levels: the snake and the hawk are both secondary and tertiary. Technically if you go by textbook example (423) The hawk
would eat the snake and be the quaternary consumer.
pts
Question 9
List in order, the five steps involved in the Scientific Method.
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Correct answers will be available on May 29 at 10pm.
Score for this quiz: 244 out of 256
Submitted May 6 at 5:53pm
This attempt took 119 minutes.
pts
Question 1
List the four major classes or groups of biological macromolecules and explain one function or importance of each.
Your Answer:
A. Carbohydrates. Carbs are sugars or polymers of sugars. There are simple sugars like glucose and fructose, double sugars like sucrose,
and complex carbs in starchy foods like potatoes and grains. Carbs are important as 1) a source of dietary energy, and 2) as part of other
compounds that DNA/RNA are built on. Simple sugars are fuel for cells. Hospitals use solutions of these to give to patients who need and
extra energy boost. (Simon, Dickey and Reece , Pgs 39-42)
B. Proteins. Proteins are essential to how cells operate. They are involved in most every bodily process you have. Proteins are made up of
amino acids. They all have a single H atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group, which are the same in every compound. The difference
is in the side group. The side group could be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on its function. “With proteins, function follows
form.” This means that the shape of the protein determines what it does. (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pgs 46-48)
C. Lipids. Pretty sure lipids are included in this part as the lecture has indicated, but the textbook says (pg. 43) they are no t
macromolecules or polymers. However, I am going to roll with it regardless. Lipids are broken up into fats and steroids. They are both
hydrophobic and are don’t mix well with water or other hydrophilic compounds (like oil and vinegar). Fatty acids store lots of energy and are
difficult to get rid of if you are trying to lose weight (as I can attest to). Another important function of fats is to cushion/shield our vital organs
and even help with insulation of our bodies from some cold. Steroids like estrogen and testosterone are important parts of our bodies and
what
helps make a man a man and a woman a woman. The absence of these can cause harm, in the long run, just as too much can like the
improper/illegal use of anabolic steroids. While they get a bad rap in athletic arenas, there are legitimate uses of the steroids such as when
someone’s body is not making enough naturally, or they have a disease like cancer. (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pgs 43-45) (Bowers).
D. Nucleic Acids. Nucleic Acids store the information needed to build proteins. There are two types: RNA and DNA. Nucleic acids are
made from nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine,
and uracil are the five types of bases. Nucleotides do form covalent bonds. The phosphate of one bonds to sugar of another. (Simon,
Dickey and Reece , pgs 49-50) (Bowers)
Bowers, Dr. Nancy. Unit 1: Chemistry of Life. n.d. 15 March 2016. <https://canvas.park.edu/courses/12731/pages/unit-1-chemistry-of-life?
module_item_id=978098>.
Simon, Eric J, Jean L Dickey and Jane B Reece. Campbell Essential Biology. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education Inc., 2013. Print.
pts
Question 2
Describe under what conditions you might expect your cells to undergo anaerobic respiration. Be specific as to why these conditions would
prevent normal cellular respiration to proceed. What product is produced under anaerobic conditions and is it harmful?
Your Answer:
Drowning, suffocation and carbon monoxide poisoning can lead to death because they all prevent oxygen from reaching our cells. Explain
how this lack of oxygen can lead to death; be specific about how this lack of oxygen can affect cellular metabolic processes. All animals
require oxygen to survive. While anaerobic respiration call fuel us for a very short amount of time, it doesn’t have the necessary energy
output to keep us going. Where we can get as much as 38 or so ATP from aerobic respiration, we only get about 2 from anaerobic. Our
cells need oxygen to fuel them to process the glucose molecules through the Krebb’s cycle (or citric acid cycle) and through the electron
transport chain. The process is similar to when cyanide blocks the passage of electrons to oxygen. When the ATP is not being made, our
cells stop working and eventually die. Enough cells die and so do we. (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pgs 96-99)
Simon, Eric J, Jean L Dickey and Jane B Reece. Campbell Essential Biology. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education Inc., 2013. Print.
pts
Question 3
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
Your Answer:
a Cell is smallest form of life, all living things are composted of cells, and all cells come from other cells (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pg
,BI 101 Final exam and study guide
56)
Simon, Eric J, Jean L Dickey and Jane B Reece. Campbell Essential Biology. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education Inc., 2013. Print.
pts
Question 4
Compare Mitosis and Meiosis by addressing in which type of cells they occur, how many cells are produced, the ploidy of the cells
produced and whether cells produced are identical to the parent cells or different.
Your Answer:
Mitosis: Most cells in your body do this. Some every day, some less often. Some like muscle cells, not at all; A duplicate of the cell that
just divided (body cells); daughter cells are identical to each other and parent cell; diploid; two cells (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pg 125
134)
Meiosos: Germ cells; They become the haploid egg and sperm cells that will join together to form a diploid cell. daughter cells are Usually
different based on crossing over during metaphase 1; daughter cells are different from parent cells based on crossing over during metaphase
1; four haploid cells are produced. (Simon, Dickey and Reece , pg 125-134)
pts
Question 5
Compare DNA and RNA by addressing the number of strands, sugar used, nucleotide bases used, typical location in the cell, and function
or role.
Your Answer:
DNA: two strands; deoxyribose, bases: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine; nucleus. DNA stores the genetic information needed to
make proteins
RNA: single strand; ribose; adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine; cytoplasm; carries the genetic instructions out to the cytoplasm and
meets up with ribosomes and tRNA binding sites to translate that information into proteins.
pts
Question 6
The genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a recessive allele (n). The family tree below shows the incidence of the disease
over three generations.
a. What are the two genotypes of the grandparents?
b. What is the genotype of Jane's husband?
c. What are the chances that Peter is the carrier of the PKU allele that resulted in his having an affected son? %
Your Answer:
a) Jane has the disease, so her parents would both have to have the one n allele for that. So neither can’t be NN. Neither of the
grandparents
, BI 101 Final exam and study guide
have the disease so neither can be nn. That leaves both being heterozygous Nn
b)Jane and her husband both have to pass on the recessive allele for their children to possibly get it, which one of theres did. Since one of
his children does, he can't be NN. He doesn't have it, so he is not nn himself. Therefore he is Nn, heterozygous.
c: Since both of his parents are Nn, he has a 50/50 chance of being a carrier. The mix of his parents alleles have the possibility of 1:2:1.
1NN:2Nn:1nn. And he doesn’t have the disease so nn is out. He also cant be NN because one of his children has the disease.
pts
Question 7
Darwin identified several conditions that needed to be met in order for natural selection to occur. Describe three of these conditions, being
sure to include why each condition is necessary.
Your Answer:
There is a variation of traits. Natural selection is selection that acts on phenotypes so there has to be at least 2 of them (light and dark
moth; red vs green fish
There is differential reproduction. Not everyone gets to breed to their full potential. Natural selection favors one trait over another and one
gets to live/produce more offspring (again the moth example)
There is heredity. The offspring must be like thier parents. The parents pass down the trait which allowed them to reproduce so the
offspring can as well so long as there isn't a difference in environment. Like when the bark went dark changing which moths the birds ate
Bowers, Dr. Nancy. Unit 7: Evolution. 2016. Webpage. 27 April 2016. <https://canvas.park.edu/courses/12731/pages/unit-7-evolution?
module_item_id=978146>.
Simon, Eric J, Jean L Dickey and Jane B Reece. Campbell Essential Biology. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education Inc., 2013. Print.
pts
Question 8
Use the diagram below to answer the following questions:
a. Identify two primary producers:
b. Identify two primary consumers:
c. Identify two secondary consumers:
d. How many trophic levels does this food web have?
Your Answer:
Primary producers: rosebush, oak tree, grass
Primary consumers: deer, rabbit, squirrel, caterpillar
Secondary consumers; wolf, hawk, sparrow, frog, snake
Four trophic levels: the snake and the hawk are both secondary and tertiary. Technically if you go by textbook example (423) The hawk
would eat the snake and be the quaternary consumer.
pts
Question 9
List in order, the five steps involved in the Scientific Method.
