NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
Pharmacology Proctored ATI Study Guide
Chapter 1: Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Administration
• Absorption
▪ Route of admin affects the rate and amount of absorption
o Oral:
▪ GI pH and emptying time
▪ Presence of food in the stomach or intestines
▪ Form of meds (liquid/XR)
o Sublingual/buccal
▪ Quick absorption systemically through highly
vascular mucous membranes
o Inhalation via mouth/nose
▪ Rapid absorption through alveolar capillary networks
o Intradermal, topical
▪ Slow, gradual absorption
o SQ/IM
▪ Highly soluble meds have rapid absorption (10-30min),
poorly soluble have slower absorption
NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
,NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
▪ Blood perfusion at site of injection affect absorption
o IV
▪ Immediate and complete
• Distribution
o Transportation of meds to sites of action by body fluids
o Plasma binding protein: meds compete for protein binding sites
within bloodstream, primarily albumin. The ability of med to bind
to protein can affect how much med will leave and travel to target
tissues.
• Metabolism
o Primarily occurs in the liver but can take place in the kidney
o Factors that influence metabolism:
▪ Age (infants/older adults require smaller doses)
▪ First pass effect: liver inactivates some meds on first pass
through and thus require sublingual or IV route (may need
higher dose)
• Excretion:
o Eliminated through the kidneys.
o Kidney dysfunction can result in elevated levels of medications.
NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
,NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
• Med Response
o Maintain plasma levels between minimum effective concentration
and the toxic concentration:
• Therapeutic index (TI)
o High TI has a wide safety margin.
o Low TI requires monitoring of serum levels.
NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
, NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
o Tough levels: obtain immediately before next dose.
• Half-life:
o Time it takes a medication level to drop in the body by 50%.
o Short vs long half-life: long half-life has greater risk for med
accumulation in body.
• Agonist: enhance
• Antagonist: blocks
• Routes of admin:
o Oral/Enteral:
▪ 90 degrees upright
▪ do not mix with large amounts of food
▪ lean chin in to help facilitate swallowing
o Sublingual/buccal
▪ Keep med in place until completely dissolved
o Transdermal
▪ Wash skin with soap and water then dry it thoroughly before
placing patch. Place patch on hairless area and rotate sites
to prevent irritation.
o Drops:
NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
Pharmacology Proctored ATI Study Guide
Chapter 1: Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Administration
• Absorption
▪ Route of admin affects the rate and amount of absorption
o Oral:
▪ GI pH and emptying time
▪ Presence of food in the stomach or intestines
▪ Form of meds (liquid/XR)
o Sublingual/buccal
▪ Quick absorption systemically through highly
vascular mucous membranes
o Inhalation via mouth/nose
▪ Rapid absorption through alveolar capillary networks
o Intradermal, topical
▪ Slow, gradual absorption
o SQ/IM
▪ Highly soluble meds have rapid absorption (10-30min),
poorly soluble have slower absorption
NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
,NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
▪ Blood perfusion at site of injection affect absorption
o IV
▪ Immediate and complete
• Distribution
o Transportation of meds to sites of action by body fluids
o Plasma binding protein: meds compete for protein binding sites
within bloodstream, primarily albumin. The ability of med to bind
to protein can affect how much med will leave and travel to target
tissues.
• Metabolism
o Primarily occurs in the liver but can take place in the kidney
o Factors that influence metabolism:
▪ Age (infants/older adults require smaller doses)
▪ First pass effect: liver inactivates some meds on first pass
through and thus require sublingual or IV route (may need
higher dose)
• Excretion:
o Eliminated through the kidneys.
o Kidney dysfunction can result in elevated levels of medications.
NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
,NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
• Med Response
o Maintain plasma levels between minimum effective concentration
and the toxic concentration:
• Therapeutic index (TI)
o High TI has a wide safety margin.
o Low TI requires monitoring of serum levels.
NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
, NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
o Tough levels: obtain immediately before next dose.
• Half-life:
o Time it takes a medication level to drop in the body by 50%.
o Short vs long half-life: long half-life has greater risk for med
accumulation in body.
• Agonist: enhance
• Antagonist: blocks
• Routes of admin:
o Oral/Enteral:
▪ 90 degrees upright
▪ do not mix with large amounts of food
▪ lean chin in to help facilitate swallowing
o Sublingual/buccal
▪ Keep med in place until completely dissolved
o Transdermal
▪ Wash skin with soap and water then dry it thoroughly before
placing patch. Place patch on hairless area and rotate sites
to prevent irritation.
o Drops:
NURSING 101Pharmacology Proctored ATI
Study Guide.BEST REVISION GUIDE
GRADED A+
