CMY3701_The_Explanation_of_Crime, EXAM PACK 2021.

CMY3701_The_Explanation_of_Crime, EXAM PACK 2021.Question 1 The main strength of the differential association theory is that it showed that crime was not just a product of ___ but that it could occur in all settings. 1. learned behaviour 2. poverty 3. criminal attitudes 4. delinquency Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 102 Reasoning: “The main strength of the theory of differential association, according to Jones (2001:147), is that it showed that crime was not just a product of poverty, but that it could occur in all settings, ranging from slum areas to large business operations.” Question 2 Discounting the existence of threatening impulses is called ___. 1) displacement. 2) denial. 3) determination. 4) sublimation. Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 22 Reasoning: “DENIAL is simply discounting the existence of threatening impulses. For example, a person with homosexual tendencies may vehemently deny ever feeling any physical attraction to a person of the same sex (Cassel & Bernstein, 2007:82).” Question 3 Becker (1963) is of the opinion that deviant behaviour is a social product created by: 1) Interactionism 2) Society 3) Labelling 4) Determinism Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 124 Reasoning: “The primary focus of Becker's study was to explain how a person is labelled as an outsider. Deviant behaviour, according to Becker, is a social product created by society. Whether a juvenile is therefore labelled as deviant will depend on the reaction of other people to the act, and not on the nature of the activity itself.” Question 4 Which researchers indicated that there is moderate evidence of both genetic and environmental influence in antisocial behaviour? 1) Christiansen and Lange 2) West and Farrington 3) Rhee and Waldman 4) Hutchings and Medwick Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 35 Reasoning: “Rhee and Waldman (Jones, 2001:351) conducted an analysis of twin and adoption studies. They concluded that there is moderate evidence of both genetic and environmental influences in antisocial behaviour.” Question 5 The positivist school focuses on the nature and characteristics of ___. 1) the criminal event. 2) the individual offender 3) the criminal behaviour. 4) the situational factors. Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 26 Reasoning: “The basic assumptions of positivism are highlighted by Bartollas (2006:78) and White and Haines (2004:40-42): • It is the character and personal backgrounds of individuals that explain criminal behaviour. The focus of analysis is therefore on the nature and characteristics of the offender, rather than on the criminal act… “ Question 6 What, according to Lilly et al (2007), is the danger in rational choice theory? 1) Factors influencing offenders’ decision to break the law is ignored. 2) Offenders will be treated as being solely rational decision-makers. 3) Criminal justice policies only focus on making crime a costly decision. 4) Offenders’ social context is not taken into consideration. Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 18 Reasoning: “The danger in rational choice theory, however, is that offenders will be treated as though they were only rational decisionmakers. When this occurs, the context that influences their decision to break the law is ignored, and commentators begin to recommend harsh criminal justice policies that focus solely on making crime a costly decision. In other words, they ignore the offender's social context (Lilly et al, 2007:277).” Question 7 ___ is associated with social learning and states that behaviour is shaped by the consequence that follows the act. 1) Classical school 2) Psychological positivism 3) Operant conditioning 4) Sociological positivism Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 23 Reasoning: “OPERANT CONDITIONING is associated with social learning theory which states that behaviour is shaped by the consequences that follow the act (Anderson, Dyson, Langsam & Brooks, 2007:156).” Question 8 Neo-classicists assert that a person is still accountable for his or her actions but with minor reservations. Which two specific factors will influence the offender to reform? 1) Free choice and feeble-mindedness. 2) Rationality and competence 3) Crime and punishment 4) Past history and present situation Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 8 Reasoning: “According to neo-classicists, a person is still accountable for his or her actions, but with certain minor reservations - it is acknowledged that the offender's past history and present situation both influence the likelihood of reform (Joyce, 2006:4).” Question 9 One of the biosocial theory’s core principles include that: 1) It only recognises genetics as the main contributing factor in human behaviour 2) All humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve. 3) Individual behaviour patterns are produced by genetic traits and by the environment. 4) Biosocial theorists believe that biology leads to crime Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 32 Reasoning: “Biosocial theory has several core principles, as indicated by Siegel (2004:141): • It assumes that genetic makeup contributes significantly to human behaviour. (option 1 therefore incorrect) • It contends that not all humans are born with an equal potential to learn and achieve. (option 2 is therefore incorrect) • It argues that no two people are alike (with rare exceptions, such as identical twins). • It postulates that the combination of human genetic traits and the environment produces individual behaviour patterns. (option 3 therefore correct)” Question 10 According to the interactionist, Edwin Lemert, primary deviance refers to ___ while secondary deviance refers to ___. 1) initial deviant behaviour; repeated deviant behaviour. 2) commission of the crime; visible criminal behaviour. 3) initial deviant behaviour; stigmatisation of the person. 4) opportunity to commit crime; labelling the individual. Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 120 Reasoning: “Primary deviance refers to initial deviant behaviour. An example of this is a person who uses an opportunity to steal an item from a shop (without being caught) or who drives a car under the influence of alcohol (without being caught). These actions are regarded as wrong, but the person (offender) is not seen as a bad person or labelled as deviant by others because he or she has not been caught. Lemert does not attach much value to primary deviance, because the person's self-image is not damaged in the process. There is no change in identity, and deviance is seen as nothing more than a passing event. Secondary deviance refers to the phase when a person's deviant behaviour is repeated regularly, is visible, and is the subject of social reaction (punitive measures). The offender is now stigmatised and labelled as a bad person. It is possible that the offender may act in a way that shows acceptance of the new deviant label (e.g. ``thief'' or ``criminal'').” Option 1 is discarded as an option, as, while it is not incorrect, Lemert focussed on the effect on the person’s identity, rather than mere observable behaviour. Question 11 Merton (1938) postulates that an integrated society maintains a balance between two elements: 1) approved methods; culture 2) social structure; culture 3) cultural goals; objectives 4) social means; objectives Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 81 Reasoning: “According to Merton (Burke, 2005:100; Bartollas, 2006:115), an integrated society maintains a balance between the social structure (approved social means) and culture (approved goals).” Question 12 Which one of the following theories contend that certain changes in the modern world have provided motivated offenders with a greater number of opportunities to commit crime? 1) Rational choice theory 2) Routine activities theory 3) Social learning theory 4) Social bonding theory Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 12 Reasoning: “The routine activities theory was developed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson. Cohen and Felson (Vold et al, 2002:205) argue that certain changes in the modern world have provided motivated offenders with a far greater number of opportunities to commit crime.” Question 13 Lumpenproletariat refers to? 1) The power class 2) The prestigious class 3) The working class 4) The criminal class Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 120 Reasoning: “LUMPENPROLETARIAT is the lower classes; the criminal class (Walsh & Hemmens, 2008:566).” Question 14 Psychodynamic theories examine ___. 1) the learning and cognitive processes that lead to criminal behaviour. 2) the thought processes’ of the individual and how it influences behaviour. 3) the unconscious behaviours that are believed to cause criminal behaviour. 4) the belief that thought and emotions are causes of criminal behaviour. Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 44 Reasoning: “Psychodynamic theories examine unconscious behaviours that are believed to cause criminal behaviour.” Question 15 The behavioural perspective provides explanations as to how individuals learn by association. Which explanation uses rewards and punishment to reinforce or curtail certain behaviours? 1) Operant conditioning 2) Social learning 3) Classical conditioning 4) Operant learning Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 48 Reasoning: “Operant learning uses rewards and punishment to reinforce or curtail certain behaviours.” Question 16 In relation to society’s reaction to anomie, which of the following modes of adaptation relates first of all to the most common reaction and secondly to the most deviant reaction of anomie? 1) Conformity and rebellion 2) Innovation and retreatism 3) Conformity and innovation 4) Ritualism and rebellion Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 82 Reasoning: “Conformity is the most common reaction, even in societies characterised by anomie” “Innovation is the most common deviant reaction.” Question 17 Who was responsible for diminishing the popularity of biological and psychological explanations of crime? 1) Hirschi 2) Beccaria 3) Sutherland 4) Lombroso Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 98 Reasoning: “Sutherland's theory was responsible for the diminishing popularity of biological and psychological explanations of crime in that it argued that crime was the result of environmental influences on people who are biologically and psychologically normal.” Question 18 Durkheim (1897) believed that crime is a/an ___ in any society and is therefore ___ 1) complex structure; rational. 2) abnormal phenomenon; rational. 3) normal phenomenon; functional. 4) adaptive function; normal. Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 108 Reasoning: “Delinquency and crime are unavoidable. Hirschi (Jones, 2001:288), who was a major proponent of control theory, did not view crime as the expression of free will, but simply as normal behaviour. This argument is a reflection of Durkheim's influence, who regarded crime as a normal phenomenon in any society.” Question 19 The following description can be linked to which theory? The inability of a community structure to realise the common values of its residents and maintain effective social control? 1) Social disorganisation 2) Anomie 3) Differential association 4) Social bonding Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 69 Reasoning: “Social disorganisation can be defined as the inability of a community structure to realise the common values of its residents and maintain effective social control (Bartollas, 2003:96).” Question 20 Which one of the following factors is an essential feature of Eysenck’s biosocial theory of crime? 1) Adoption studies 2) Personality 3) Constitutional factors 4) Genetics Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 35 Reasoning: “Genetics is an essential feature of Eysenck's theory.” Question 21 Numerous theories have attempted to link neurophysiological factors with crime, but they remain ___. 1) Unscientific 2) Contaminated 3) Unrealistic 4) Unsubstantiated Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 39 Reasoning: “While numerous attempts have tried to link neurophysiological factors with crime, the majority of these theories remain unsubstantiated.” Question 22 The routine activity theory is of the opinion that a person’s lifestyle influences the opportunity for crime because it controls a person’s ___. 1) decision-making process. 2) exposure to crime. 3) ability to be protected. 4) participation. Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 15 Reasoning: “A person's lifestyle definitely influences the opportunity for crime because it controls a person's: (i) proximity to criminals (ii) the time he or she is exposed to criminals (iii) attractiveness as a target (iv) ability to be protected (Siegel, 2004:94)” Question 23 The Enlightenment thinkers wanted to ___ the inhumane criminal justice system of their day. 1) protect 2) reform 3) debate 4) encourage Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide pg. 6 Reasoning: “Some of these Enlightenment thinkers turned their attention to the nature of the criminal law and punishment, and put forward radical ideas for its reform. In short, they opposed the unpredictable, discriminatory, inhumane and ineffective criminal justice systems of their day.” Question 24 Which one of the following reactions to anomie describes rebellion? 1) Blocked economic opportunities 2) Overthrowing the government 3) Unauthorised squatting 4) Economic disparities Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 83 Reasoning: “Rebellion involves rejection of the system as such. Both the goals and the means are rejected and replaced by new ones. One example may be deliberately damaging property and a more extreme example may be a revolutionary who attempts to overthrow a government by force. In this category are street gang members, terrorists and/or freedom fighters. The rebellious reaction often involves destructive crimes, such as wilful damage to property and crimes of public disorder. It may even include murder, terrorist offences and, in fact, any crime designed to attack the basis of that society's culture (Williams, 2004:308).” Question 25 What according to Burgess (1921) resulted in social disorganisation? 1) Weakened inner city zones and absence of common standards. 2) Weakened family structure and communal ties. 3) Weakened community ties and a changing population. 4) Weakened sociological factors and high crime rates. Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg.70 Reasoning: “Burgess (in Burke, 2005:97) observed that these social patterns weakened family and communal ties and resulted in social disorganisation.” ASSIGNMENT 02 - SEMESTER 2 – 2018 - UNIQUE NUMBER: Question 1 Proletariat refers to: 1) The criminal class 2) The working class 3) The power class 4) The prestigious class Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 120 Reasoning: “PROLETARIAT refers to the working class (Walsh & Hemmens, 2008:569).” Question 2 Crimes are deliberate acts, committed with the intention of benefitting the offender. This statement refers to: 1) The routine activities theory 2) The social structure theory 3) The social bonding theory 4) The rational choice theory Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pp. 15-16 Reasoning: “Cornish and Clarke (Newburn, 2007:281±282) summarise the basis of their rational choice perspective in the following six basic propositions: i. Crimes are deliberate acts, committed with the intention of benefiting the offender. ii. Offenders try to make the best decisions they can, given the risks and uncertainty involved. iii. Offender decision-making varies considerably according to the nature of the crime. iv. Decisions about becoming involved in particular kinds of crime (``involvement decisions'') are quite different from those relating to the commission of a specific criminal act (``event decisions''). v. Involvement decisions comprise the following three stages (Newburn, 2007:283): • Initiation: whether the person is ready to begin committing crime in order to obtain what he or she wants. • Habituation: whether, having started offending, he or she should continue to do so. • Desistance: whether, at some stage, he or she ought to stop. These stages must be studied separately, because they are influenced by quite different sets of variables. Background factors are likely to be the most important at the initiation stage and current life circumstances at the habituation stage and desistance stage. vi. Event decisions involve a sequence of choices made at each stage of the criminal act. For example, preparation (when to do the crime, i.e. reduce risks), target selection (which house to burgle), commission of the act, escape, and aftermath.” Question 3 Anger at one`s boss may be expressed through hostility to a shop assistant. This impulse is called: 1) Repression 2) Sublimation 3) Projection 4) Displacement Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 23 Reasoning: “DISPLACEMENT is deflecting an impulse from its original target to a less threatening one. Anger at one's boss may be expressed through hostility to a shop assistant, a family member, or even the dog (Cassel & Bernstein, 2007:82).” Question 4 Control theories believe that law-abiding persons are different from non-abiding persons because people who are law-abiding are/have ___. 1) able to resist the temptations of crime. 2) a close relationship with their parents. 3) conventional rules to which they abide. 4) controlled or constrained in some way. Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 94 Reasoning: “People are law-abiding because they are controlled or constrained in some way.” Question 5 Which one of the following four social bonds of the social bonding theory refers to the rational component of conformity as well as to the lifestyle in which one has invested considerable time and energy in the pursuit of a lawful career? 1) Attachment 2) Commitment 3) Belief 4) Involvement Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 88 Reasoning: “COMMITMENT is one of the four social bonds in social bonding theory. Commitment refers to the rational component of conformity, and refers to a lifestyle in which one has invested considerable time and energy in the pursuit of a lawful career (Walsh & Hemmens, 2008:562).”