FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
LECTURE FOR TEST 1
Chapter 1
Why nursing? What to expect when becoming a nurse
- Nursing is a profession focused on assisting people, families and communities to attain,
recover and maintain optimum health and function from birth to old age.
- Nurses are the bridge between extremely vulnerable public and health care resources that
make a difference between life/death, health/disease/disability and wellbeing/ discomfort.
Theory of animism- belief that everything in nature was alive with invisible forces and endowed
with power.
- Good spirits brough health, evil spirits brough sickness and death
- Roles of nurse and physician separate and distinct
- Physician as medicine man ; nurse as caring mother
Ancient greek
- Temples became center of medical care
- Nurses cared for the sick in the home and community; practiced
Historical Perspective/Early Civilizations to the 16th Century #2
Early Christian period
- Nursing has a formal and more clearly defined role; deaconesses (women) made
visits to the sick.
- Nursing developed purpose, direction, and leadership.
th
16 century
Shift from a religious orientation to an emphasis on warfare, exploration, and
expansion of knowledge
Nursing had a poor reputation; nurses received low pay and worked long hours in
unfavorable conditions.
Question #1
Tell whether the following statement is true or false.
In the beginning of civilization, the role of the physician was carried out by the medicine
man and the nurse was the mother who cared for her family during sickness.
True or False
Answer to Question #1Answer: A. True.
Rationale: In the beginning of civilization, The physician was the medicine man who treated
disease by chanting, inspiring fear, or opening the skull to release evil spirits. The nurse usually
was the mother who cared for her family during sickness by providing physical care and herbal
remedies.
Historical Perspective/19th to 20th Century #1
- Social reforms changed the roles of nurses and of women in general.
- Nursing as we now know it began, based on many of the beliefs of Florence Nightingale.
- Nightingale challenged prejudices against women and elevated the status of all nurses.
, - She established the first training school for nurses and wrote books about health care and
nursing education.
- Hospital schools organized to provide more easily controlled and less expensive staff for
the hospital.
- Female nurses were under the control of male hospital administrators and physicians.
World War II
- Large numbers of women worked outside the home and became more independent and
assertive.
- Explosion in medicine and technology broadened the role of nurses.
- Growth of nursing as a professional discipline.
Historical Perspective/1950s to Present
- Nursing broadened in all areas
- Practice in a wide variety of health care settings
- The development of a specific body of knowledge
- The conduct and publication of nursing research
- Recognition of the role of nursing in promoting health
- Increased emphasis on nursing knowledge as the foundation for EBP lead to
growth of nursing as a professional discipline
Contributions of Florence Nightingale #1
- Identified personal needs of patient and role of nurse in meeting them
- Established standards for hospital management
- Established nursing education and nursing as a respected occupation for women
- Recognized the two components of nursing: health and illness
- Established nursing education
- Believed that nursing is separate and distinct from medicine
- Recognized that nutrition is important to health
- Instituted occupational and recreational therapy for sick people
- Stressed the need for continuing education for nurses
- Maintained accurate records, recognized as the beginnings of nursing research
Definitions of Nursing
Nurse- Originated from the Latin word nutrix (to nourish)
- A person who nourish, fosters, and protects and who is prepared to take care of sick,
injured, aged and dying people
(International council nurses) ICN definition—Promotion of health, prevention of illness,
collaborative care
The American Nurses Association ANA definition— the protection, promotion, and
optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing,
alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the
care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations
- Social policy statement Patient is central focus of all definitions
Includes physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of the patient
,The knowledge base for nursing practice includes diagnosis, interventions and evaluation of
outcomes from an established care plan.
- CENTRAL FOCUS IS ALWAYS THE PATIENT - physical, emotional, social and
spiritual.
- Nursing definitions expanded to include the prevention of illness and the promotion and
maintenance of health for people, families, groups and communities.
Question #3
A hospital nurse works collaboratively with a primary care provider, social worker,
physical therapist, and home health care nurse to provide nursing care for a patient
following an MVA. What should be the central focus of this care?
A. The nurses
B. The physician
C. The nursing care plan
D. The patient
E. The physical therapist
Answer to Question #3 Answer: D. The patient
Rationale: The central focus in all definitions of nursing is the patient (person receiving care),
which includes the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of that person. Nursing
is no longer considered to be concerned primarily with illness care.
Health is a state of optimal functioning or well-being.
Wellness- is an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle that promotes good physical,
mental, emotional, and spiritual health.
Nursing Aim and competencies
1- Promote health
- Identifying, analyzing, and maximizing each patient’s individual strengths as components
of preventing illness, restoring health, and facilitating coping with disability or death
2- Prevent illness
- The objectives of disease prevention activities are to reduce the risk of illness, to
promote good health habits, and to maintain optimal functioning. Nurses prevent
illness primarily by teaching and by personal example:
- Educational programs in areas such as prenatal care for pregnant women,
smoking-cessation programs, and stress-reduction seminars
- Community programs and resources encouraging healthy lifestyles
- Literature, TV, radio, or internet information on healthy diet, exercise, and good health
habits
- Health assessments in institutions, clinics, and community settings that identify areas of
strength and risks for illness
, 3- Restore health
- focus on the person with an illness, and range from early detection of a disease to
rehabilitation and teaching during recovery.
- Performing assessments that detect an illness
- Referring questions and abnormal findings to other health care providers, as appropriate
- Providing direct care to the person who is ill
- Collaborating with other health care providers in providing care
- Planning, teaching, and carrying out rehabilitation for illnesses such as heart attacks,
arthritis, and strokes
- Working in mental health and chemical-dependency programs
4- Facilitate coping with disability or death
- Maximizing person’s strengths and potentials
- Patient teaching
- Referral to community support systems
- Providing end-of-care
- Hospice programs
Quality and safety education for nurses (Qsen)- patient centered care, teamwork,
collaboration, quality improvement, safety, ebp and informatics
Evidence practices- based on research not intuition
To achieve the nurses aim and competencies we use four blended competencies
Four Blended Competencies
Cognitive
Technical
Interpersonal
Ethical/Legal
Question #4
A nurse who uses critical thinking skills to develop a nursing care plan for an expectant
mother of triplets is said to be using which skill?
A. Cognitive
B. Technical
C. Interpersonal
D. Ethical/Legal
Answer to Question #4 Answer: A. Cognitive
Rationale:Cognitive skills involve thinking about the nature of things sufficiently to make
decisions regarding care. Technical skills enable nurses to manipulate equipment to produce a
desired outcome. Interpersonal skills involve caring relationships. Ethical/legal skills enable
nurses to conduct themselves morally and professionally.
LECTURE FOR TEST 1
Chapter 1
Why nursing? What to expect when becoming a nurse
- Nursing is a profession focused on assisting people, families and communities to attain,
recover and maintain optimum health and function from birth to old age.
- Nurses are the bridge between extremely vulnerable public and health care resources that
make a difference between life/death, health/disease/disability and wellbeing/ discomfort.
Theory of animism- belief that everything in nature was alive with invisible forces and endowed
with power.
- Good spirits brough health, evil spirits brough sickness and death
- Roles of nurse and physician separate and distinct
- Physician as medicine man ; nurse as caring mother
Ancient greek
- Temples became center of medical care
- Nurses cared for the sick in the home and community; practiced
Historical Perspective/Early Civilizations to the 16th Century #2
Early Christian period
- Nursing has a formal and more clearly defined role; deaconesses (women) made
visits to the sick.
- Nursing developed purpose, direction, and leadership.
th
16 century
Shift from a religious orientation to an emphasis on warfare, exploration, and
expansion of knowledge
Nursing had a poor reputation; nurses received low pay and worked long hours in
unfavorable conditions.
Question #1
Tell whether the following statement is true or false.
In the beginning of civilization, the role of the physician was carried out by the medicine
man and the nurse was the mother who cared for her family during sickness.
True or False
Answer to Question #1Answer: A. True.
Rationale: In the beginning of civilization, The physician was the medicine man who treated
disease by chanting, inspiring fear, or opening the skull to release evil spirits. The nurse usually
was the mother who cared for her family during sickness by providing physical care and herbal
remedies.
Historical Perspective/19th to 20th Century #1
- Social reforms changed the roles of nurses and of women in general.
- Nursing as we now know it began, based on many of the beliefs of Florence Nightingale.
- Nightingale challenged prejudices against women and elevated the status of all nurses.
, - She established the first training school for nurses and wrote books about health care and
nursing education.
- Hospital schools organized to provide more easily controlled and less expensive staff for
the hospital.
- Female nurses were under the control of male hospital administrators and physicians.
World War II
- Large numbers of women worked outside the home and became more independent and
assertive.
- Explosion in medicine and technology broadened the role of nurses.
- Growth of nursing as a professional discipline.
Historical Perspective/1950s to Present
- Nursing broadened in all areas
- Practice in a wide variety of health care settings
- The development of a specific body of knowledge
- The conduct and publication of nursing research
- Recognition of the role of nursing in promoting health
- Increased emphasis on nursing knowledge as the foundation for EBP lead to
growth of nursing as a professional discipline
Contributions of Florence Nightingale #1
- Identified personal needs of patient and role of nurse in meeting them
- Established standards for hospital management
- Established nursing education and nursing as a respected occupation for women
- Recognized the two components of nursing: health and illness
- Established nursing education
- Believed that nursing is separate and distinct from medicine
- Recognized that nutrition is important to health
- Instituted occupational and recreational therapy for sick people
- Stressed the need for continuing education for nurses
- Maintained accurate records, recognized as the beginnings of nursing research
Definitions of Nursing
Nurse- Originated from the Latin word nutrix (to nourish)
- A person who nourish, fosters, and protects and who is prepared to take care of sick,
injured, aged and dying people
(International council nurses) ICN definition—Promotion of health, prevention of illness,
collaborative care
The American Nurses Association ANA definition— the protection, promotion, and
optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing,
alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the
care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations
- Social policy statement Patient is central focus of all definitions
Includes physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of the patient
,The knowledge base for nursing practice includes diagnosis, interventions and evaluation of
outcomes from an established care plan.
- CENTRAL FOCUS IS ALWAYS THE PATIENT - physical, emotional, social and
spiritual.
- Nursing definitions expanded to include the prevention of illness and the promotion and
maintenance of health for people, families, groups and communities.
Question #3
A hospital nurse works collaboratively with a primary care provider, social worker,
physical therapist, and home health care nurse to provide nursing care for a patient
following an MVA. What should be the central focus of this care?
A. The nurses
B. The physician
C. The nursing care plan
D. The patient
E. The physical therapist
Answer to Question #3 Answer: D. The patient
Rationale: The central focus in all definitions of nursing is the patient (person receiving care),
which includes the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of that person. Nursing
is no longer considered to be concerned primarily with illness care.
Health is a state of optimal functioning or well-being.
Wellness- is an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle that promotes good physical,
mental, emotional, and spiritual health.
Nursing Aim and competencies
1- Promote health
- Identifying, analyzing, and maximizing each patient’s individual strengths as components
of preventing illness, restoring health, and facilitating coping with disability or death
2- Prevent illness
- The objectives of disease prevention activities are to reduce the risk of illness, to
promote good health habits, and to maintain optimal functioning. Nurses prevent
illness primarily by teaching and by personal example:
- Educational programs in areas such as prenatal care for pregnant women,
smoking-cessation programs, and stress-reduction seminars
- Community programs and resources encouraging healthy lifestyles
- Literature, TV, radio, or internet information on healthy diet, exercise, and good health
habits
- Health assessments in institutions, clinics, and community settings that identify areas of
strength and risks for illness
, 3- Restore health
- focus on the person with an illness, and range from early detection of a disease to
rehabilitation and teaching during recovery.
- Performing assessments that detect an illness
- Referring questions and abnormal findings to other health care providers, as appropriate
- Providing direct care to the person who is ill
- Collaborating with other health care providers in providing care
- Planning, teaching, and carrying out rehabilitation for illnesses such as heart attacks,
arthritis, and strokes
- Working in mental health and chemical-dependency programs
4- Facilitate coping with disability or death
- Maximizing person’s strengths and potentials
- Patient teaching
- Referral to community support systems
- Providing end-of-care
- Hospice programs
Quality and safety education for nurses (Qsen)- patient centered care, teamwork,
collaboration, quality improvement, safety, ebp and informatics
Evidence practices- based on research not intuition
To achieve the nurses aim and competencies we use four blended competencies
Four Blended Competencies
Cognitive
Technical
Interpersonal
Ethical/Legal
Question #4
A nurse who uses critical thinking skills to develop a nursing care plan for an expectant
mother of triplets is said to be using which skill?
A. Cognitive
B. Technical
C. Interpersonal
D. Ethical/Legal
Answer to Question #4 Answer: A. Cognitive
Rationale:Cognitive skills involve thinking about the nature of things sufficiently to make
decisions regarding care. Technical skills enable nurses to manipulate equipment to produce a
desired outcome. Interpersonal skills involve caring relationships. Ethical/legal skills enable
nurses to conduct themselves morally and professionally.
