FUNDAMENTALS EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Section 4- Health promotion & Maintenance-
A) Pg. 153 Lifespan growth & Development
Patterns of growth and development : Each person displays definite predictable patterns of growth
and development that are universal and basic to all human beings
Individual differences: although sequence is predictable, variations exist in rates of growth at
which people reach developmental milestones
Directional trends: growth and development follow a specific pattern
o Cephalocaudal development: proceeds from head downward through body toward feet
(head to tail)
o Proximodistal development: proceeds from center of body outward to extremities (near
to far)
o Differentiation: development from simple operations to more complex activities and
functions
Sequential trends: orderly; each person normally passes through every stage
o Each stage is affected by preceding stage and affects stages that follow
o Critical periods: time period in which person is especially responsive to certain
environmental effects; sometimes called sensitive periods
o Positive and negative stimuli enhance or defer achievement of a skill or function
Factor Influence
Genetics A family history of diseases may be inherited by unique genes linked to specific disorders;
chromosomes carry genes that determine physical characteristics, intellectual potential,
and personality
Nutrition Greatest influence on physical growth and intellectual development; adequate nutrition
provides essentials for physiologic needs, which promote health and prevent illness
Prenatal Nutritional status in utero and exposures in utero such as alcohol, smoking, infections,
and drugs; also environmental exposures, such as radiation and chemicals
,Factor Influence
environmen
tal factors
Family and A stimulating family environment helps individual reach his or her potential; family
community structure and community support services influence environment and thereby growth and
development
Cultural Customs, traditions, and attitudes of cultural groups influence growth and development
factors regarding physical health, social interaction, and assumed roles
B) Pg. 213- Promoting healthy lifestyle choices
SUN EXPOSURE AND SKIN INTEGRITY
o Sun exposure damages skin
o NCLEX® Most harmful ultraviolet rays occur between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00
p.m.
o Whether sunny or overcast, daylight allows damaging rays to affect skin
o Ultraviolet rays can penetrate loosely woven fabrics and harm skin
o Individuals who are outside almost daily are particularly at risk for sun
damage to skin: farmers, carpenters, fishermen, golfers
o Exposure to chemicals may increase risk of skin damage
o Important points in health education to prevent skin cancer
o Infants and children under age 6 and those with light complexions are at
highest risk for skin damage
o Immunosuppressed clients have increased risk for skin cancers
o There is a genetic link to melanoma
o Limit sun exposure during middle of day
o NCLEX® Use sunscreen with solar protection factor (SPF) of 15 and higher
o NCLEX® Apply sunscreen 30 minutes before sun exposure and reapply
every 2–3 hours thereafter while outside
o Daily use of sunscreen on exposed face, ears, and hands decreases risk
o NCLEX® Wide-brimmed hats offer extra protection to head and neck
o Apply sunscreen liberally to scarred skin, which is more vulnerable to
damage
o Preventing severe sunburns in early childhood is key to reducing risk of
skin cancer later in life
, o Skin cancers can occur and recur in adults at any age, so inspect bare skin
using two mirrors to inspect front and back of body to allow for early
discovery
BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION
General concepts
o Both men and women can get breast cancer
o It is important to perform breast self-examination (BSE) monthly (both males and
females)
o Clients need to see healthcare provider for regular checkups
o NCLEX® Women should have the choice to begin annual mammography
screening at ages 40–44, should have annual mammograms at ages 45–54, and
annual or biannual (every other year) screening at ages 55 years and older
o NCLEX® Although research evidence is mixed, females are encouraged to begin
BSE at time of first gynecologic exam, about age 18 or 20
o Nurse’s role is pivotal in educating females and males that BSE is important
NCLEX® Procedure
o Focus on palpating consistency of breast tissue
o Perform procedure 5–7 days after menses for female; for men and
postmenopausal women, perform exam on same day of each month; associate it
with a specific date, such as the first of the month
o Look at breasts in mirror, arms by side, over head, and on hips
o Lie down and palpate each breast with opposite hand while other arm is under
head, flattening out breast tissue
o Palpate under axilla as well as nipple region (both males and females)
o Feel breasts by pressing tissue firmly against chest wall, each region from outer
to inner, with a circular or “corn-rows” approach
o Once a baseline of “normal” is felt, each client will better understand changes to
report to practitioner; report changes from personal baseline immediately for
further evaluation
o Menses, breastfeeding, and pregnancy enlarge the breast tissue naturally, and
tissue feels more lobular
o Clients who have cysts in breasts must carefully perform BSE to detect changes
from personal baseline, which need to be reported
C) Pg. 225- Age related care for older adult
NEED FOR CARE
Age ranges for subgroups of older adults have been identified; each subgroup has its
own needs
Young-old: 65–74 years
Section 4- Health promotion & Maintenance-
A) Pg. 153 Lifespan growth & Development
Patterns of growth and development : Each person displays definite predictable patterns of growth
and development that are universal and basic to all human beings
Individual differences: although sequence is predictable, variations exist in rates of growth at
which people reach developmental milestones
Directional trends: growth and development follow a specific pattern
o Cephalocaudal development: proceeds from head downward through body toward feet
(head to tail)
o Proximodistal development: proceeds from center of body outward to extremities (near
to far)
o Differentiation: development from simple operations to more complex activities and
functions
Sequential trends: orderly; each person normally passes through every stage
o Each stage is affected by preceding stage and affects stages that follow
o Critical periods: time period in which person is especially responsive to certain
environmental effects; sometimes called sensitive periods
o Positive and negative stimuli enhance or defer achievement of a skill or function
Factor Influence
Genetics A family history of diseases may be inherited by unique genes linked to specific disorders;
chromosomes carry genes that determine physical characteristics, intellectual potential,
and personality
Nutrition Greatest influence on physical growth and intellectual development; adequate nutrition
provides essentials for physiologic needs, which promote health and prevent illness
Prenatal Nutritional status in utero and exposures in utero such as alcohol, smoking, infections,
and drugs; also environmental exposures, such as radiation and chemicals
,Factor Influence
environmen
tal factors
Family and A stimulating family environment helps individual reach his or her potential; family
community structure and community support services influence environment and thereby growth and
development
Cultural Customs, traditions, and attitudes of cultural groups influence growth and development
factors regarding physical health, social interaction, and assumed roles
B) Pg. 213- Promoting healthy lifestyle choices
SUN EXPOSURE AND SKIN INTEGRITY
o Sun exposure damages skin
o NCLEX® Most harmful ultraviolet rays occur between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00
p.m.
o Whether sunny or overcast, daylight allows damaging rays to affect skin
o Ultraviolet rays can penetrate loosely woven fabrics and harm skin
o Individuals who are outside almost daily are particularly at risk for sun
damage to skin: farmers, carpenters, fishermen, golfers
o Exposure to chemicals may increase risk of skin damage
o Important points in health education to prevent skin cancer
o Infants and children under age 6 and those with light complexions are at
highest risk for skin damage
o Immunosuppressed clients have increased risk for skin cancers
o There is a genetic link to melanoma
o Limit sun exposure during middle of day
o NCLEX® Use sunscreen with solar protection factor (SPF) of 15 and higher
o NCLEX® Apply sunscreen 30 minutes before sun exposure and reapply
every 2–3 hours thereafter while outside
o Daily use of sunscreen on exposed face, ears, and hands decreases risk
o NCLEX® Wide-brimmed hats offer extra protection to head and neck
o Apply sunscreen liberally to scarred skin, which is more vulnerable to
damage
o Preventing severe sunburns in early childhood is key to reducing risk of
skin cancer later in life
, o Skin cancers can occur and recur in adults at any age, so inspect bare skin
using two mirrors to inspect front and back of body to allow for early
discovery
BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION
General concepts
o Both men and women can get breast cancer
o It is important to perform breast self-examination (BSE) monthly (both males and
females)
o Clients need to see healthcare provider for regular checkups
o NCLEX® Women should have the choice to begin annual mammography
screening at ages 40–44, should have annual mammograms at ages 45–54, and
annual or biannual (every other year) screening at ages 55 years and older
o NCLEX® Although research evidence is mixed, females are encouraged to begin
BSE at time of first gynecologic exam, about age 18 or 20
o Nurse’s role is pivotal in educating females and males that BSE is important
NCLEX® Procedure
o Focus on palpating consistency of breast tissue
o Perform procedure 5–7 days after menses for female; for men and
postmenopausal women, perform exam on same day of each month; associate it
with a specific date, such as the first of the month
o Look at breasts in mirror, arms by side, over head, and on hips
o Lie down and palpate each breast with opposite hand while other arm is under
head, flattening out breast tissue
o Palpate under axilla as well as nipple region (both males and females)
o Feel breasts by pressing tissue firmly against chest wall, each region from outer
to inner, with a circular or “corn-rows” approach
o Once a baseline of “normal” is felt, each client will better understand changes to
report to practitioner; report changes from personal baseline immediately for
further evaluation
o Menses, breastfeeding, and pregnancy enlarge the breast tissue naturally, and
tissue feels more lobular
o Clients who have cysts in breasts must carefully perform BSE to detect changes
from personal baseline, which need to be reported
C) Pg. 225- Age related care for older adult
NEED FOR CARE
Age ranges for subgroups of older adults have been identified; each subgroup has its
own needs
Young-old: 65–74 years
