AQA A-level Biology paper 1
Benedict's test - Which food test is heated in a water bath?
Sucrose - Which disaccharide is not a reducing sugar?
Test for non-reducing sugars - Add acid. Neutralise. Add Benedicts. Heat.
Hydrolysis - Reaction performed by dilute HCl in the non reducing sugar test.
Glucose + fructose - During the non-reducing sugar test what is sucrose hydrolysed into?
Alpha - Which type of glucose makes up starch?
amylose and amylopectin - Names of two types of starch
Amylose - Coiled, compact form of starch. Stored easily.
Amylopectin - Branched form of starch. More easily hydrolysed.
surface area - Branched carbohydrates have a higher _____ for enzymes to work on.
Glycogen - Carbohydrate store in animals
branched - Glycogen is....
metabolic rate - Glycogen is more branched than amylopectin because animals have a higher
_____________
osmotically inactive. - Starch is insoluble and therefore ....
,AQA A-level Biology paper 1
Beta - What type of glucose is cellulose made from?
Alpha and beta glucose - H and OH swapped on Carbon 1.
Fibrils - Cellulose forms long chains called...
H bonds - Cellulose molecules are crosslinked by
strength - Cross linking of cellulose molecules gives them...
Triglycerides - _______ are a good source of energy because they have a high ratio of energy-storing
carbon-hydrogen bonds
what are the roles of lipids? - 1. source of energy
2. waterproofing
3. insulation
4. protection
how does the structure of phospholipids relate to their properties? - 1. polar, therefore will position
itself to form a bilayer
2. the structure allows them to form glycolipids by combining with carbohydrates within the cell -
surface membrane. these are important in cell recognition.
draw the structure of an amino acid -
draw how a dipeptide forms -
what is meant by 'primary sequence' of a protein - The unique sequence of amino acids that make up
a protein or polypeptide chain
, AQA A-level Biology paper 1
what is meant by 'secondary sequence' of a protein - The way in which the primary structure of a
polypeptide chain folds e.g. alpha helix or beta pleated sheets. shape is held by H bonds.
what is meant by 'tertiary sequence' of a protein - This is the overall 3-D structure of the protein.
The shape of the protein is held together by H bonds and ionic bonds and disulfide bridges.
what is meant by 'quaternary sequence' of a protein - If a protein is made up of several polypeptide
chains that are linked in various ways, the way they are arranged is called the quaternary structure.
Biuret is made up of... - equal volumes and copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide
what are fiberous proteins made up of? - made of long molecules arranged to form fibres (e.g. in
keratin). Several helices may be wound around each other to form very strong fibres.
what are globular proteins made up of? - made of chains folded into a compact structure. One of the
most important classes are the enzymes. Although these folds are less regular than in a helix, they are
highly specific and a particular protein will always be folded in the same way.
what kind of protein is collagen? - fibrous
what kind of protein is haemoglobin? - globular
what is haemoglobin made up of? - two α polypeptide chains
two β polypeptide chains
an inorganic prosthetic haem group (Fe2+)
Describe the structure of collagen. - three polypeptide chains wound around each other. Hydrogen
bonds form between these chains. Coils forms Covalent Cross Links with each other. Covalent cross
links are staggered.
what are the functions of collagen? - 1. Form the structure of bones
Benedict's test - Which food test is heated in a water bath?
Sucrose - Which disaccharide is not a reducing sugar?
Test for non-reducing sugars - Add acid. Neutralise. Add Benedicts. Heat.
Hydrolysis - Reaction performed by dilute HCl in the non reducing sugar test.
Glucose + fructose - During the non-reducing sugar test what is sucrose hydrolysed into?
Alpha - Which type of glucose makes up starch?
amylose and amylopectin - Names of two types of starch
Amylose - Coiled, compact form of starch. Stored easily.
Amylopectin - Branched form of starch. More easily hydrolysed.
surface area - Branched carbohydrates have a higher _____ for enzymes to work on.
Glycogen - Carbohydrate store in animals
branched - Glycogen is....
metabolic rate - Glycogen is more branched than amylopectin because animals have a higher
_____________
osmotically inactive. - Starch is insoluble and therefore ....
,AQA A-level Biology paper 1
Beta - What type of glucose is cellulose made from?
Alpha and beta glucose - H and OH swapped on Carbon 1.
Fibrils - Cellulose forms long chains called...
H bonds - Cellulose molecules are crosslinked by
strength - Cross linking of cellulose molecules gives them...
Triglycerides - _______ are a good source of energy because they have a high ratio of energy-storing
carbon-hydrogen bonds
what are the roles of lipids? - 1. source of energy
2. waterproofing
3. insulation
4. protection
how does the structure of phospholipids relate to their properties? - 1. polar, therefore will position
itself to form a bilayer
2. the structure allows them to form glycolipids by combining with carbohydrates within the cell -
surface membrane. these are important in cell recognition.
draw the structure of an amino acid -
draw how a dipeptide forms -
what is meant by 'primary sequence' of a protein - The unique sequence of amino acids that make up
a protein or polypeptide chain
, AQA A-level Biology paper 1
what is meant by 'secondary sequence' of a protein - The way in which the primary structure of a
polypeptide chain folds e.g. alpha helix or beta pleated sheets. shape is held by H bonds.
what is meant by 'tertiary sequence' of a protein - This is the overall 3-D structure of the protein.
The shape of the protein is held together by H bonds and ionic bonds and disulfide bridges.
what is meant by 'quaternary sequence' of a protein - If a protein is made up of several polypeptide
chains that are linked in various ways, the way they are arranged is called the quaternary structure.
Biuret is made up of... - equal volumes and copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide
what are fiberous proteins made up of? - made of long molecules arranged to form fibres (e.g. in
keratin). Several helices may be wound around each other to form very strong fibres.
what are globular proteins made up of? - made of chains folded into a compact structure. One of the
most important classes are the enzymes. Although these folds are less regular than in a helix, they are
highly specific and a particular protein will always be folded in the same way.
what kind of protein is collagen? - fibrous
what kind of protein is haemoglobin? - globular
what is haemoglobin made up of? - two α polypeptide chains
two β polypeptide chains
an inorganic prosthetic haem group (Fe2+)
Describe the structure of collagen. - three polypeptide chains wound around each other. Hydrogen
bonds form between these chains. Coils forms Covalent Cross Links with each other. Covalent cross
links are staggered.
what are the functions of collagen? - 1. Form the structure of bones
