Hypertension Nursing Questions With Answers Well Clarified (A+ Grade)

Hypertension Nursing Questions With
Answers Well Clarified (A+ Grade)
Quiz:> What is hemodynamics?
{{{Answers}}} (Hemodynamics is the study of the forces involved in circulating blood
throughout the body)

Quiz:> What is arterial Blood Pressure?
{{{Answers}}} (Arterial blood pressure is the driving force that moves blood through the
arterial side of systemic circulation.)

Quiz:> What is arterial pressure (AP)? How is it calculated?
{{{Answers}}} (Arterial pressure (AP) is a product of Cardiac Output (CO) and Systemic
Vascular Resistance (SVR) or peripheral resistance (PR). To calculate Arterial pressure
you use the equation: AP=CO x SVR/or PR)

Quiz:> What is cardiac output (CO)? How is it calculated?
{{{Answers}}} (Cardiac output is determined by Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)
for one minute. CO=HR x SV)

Quiz:> What is stroke volume (SV)?
{{{Answers}}} (Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood ejected from the heart with
each contraction.)

Quiz:> What is systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
{{{Answers}}} (Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is the force opposing the movement
of blood within the blood vessels (SVR or PR - Peripheral resistance))

Quiz:> What are five factors that affect arterial blood pressure?
{{{Answers}}} (1. Cardiac Output (CO), 2. Elastic Recoil, 3. Peripheral Resistance (PR),
Blood volume, Blood viscosity.)

Quiz:> If CO = HR x SV, what three factors heavily influence SV (stroke volume)
{{{Answers}}} (1. Preload, B. Afterload, C. Contractility)

Quiz:> Stroke volume is affected by preload, what is preload exactly?
{{{Answers}}} (Preload is the amount of blood volume in the ventricle at the end of
diastole, just before the next contraction.)

Quiz:> What is LVED pressure? (in relation to stroke volume)

,{{{Answers}}} (LVED pressure is: Left ventricular end diastolic pressure - the degree of
stretch in the ventricle.)

Quiz:> Stroke volume is affected by afterload, what is after load exactly?
{{{Answers}}} (Afterload is the amount of resistance that the heart must pump against.)

Quiz:> Stroke volume is affected by contractility, what is contractractility exactly?
{{Answers}}} (Contractility in relation to stroke volume refers to the force and velocity of
contraction.)

Quiz:> What does inotropic mean? Negative inotropic state? Positive inotropic state?
{{{Answers}}} (Inotropic refers to the state in which the heart muscle constractility is
either increased (+ Positive inotropic state/inotrope) or decreased (- inotropic
state/inotrope))

Quiz:> What is a negative inotropic agent?
{{{Answers}}} (A negative inotropic agent is an agent which decreases (weaken) the
force of muscular contractions in the heart.)

Quiz:> What is a positive inotropic agent?
{{{Answers}}} (A positive inotropic agent is an agent which increased (strengthens) the
force of muscular contractions in the heart.)

Quiz:> Which 4 regulating systems in the body control and maintain blood pressure?
{{{Answers}}} (1. Autonomic nervous system, 2. Vascular endothelium, 3. Renal system
(fluid volume regulating and RAAS, 4. Endocrine system)

Quiz:> The human renal system regulates/maintains/controls/affects blood pressure in
the body through which two mechanisms?
{{{Answers}}} (The renal system can affect blood pressure in the body through two
mechanisms. One is the Kidneys which regulate fluid volume in the body, Two is the
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.)

Quiz:> In which ways does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulate blood
pressure in the body?
{{{Answers}}} (The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has baroreceptors (think
barometric->weather->air pressure) and chemoreceptors in the heart that provide
feedback. The ANS is made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches)

Quiz:> In terms of vascular tone, what is "Steady State" referring to with regards to
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system?
{{{Answers}}} (If the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, think fight or flight! You
get sympathetic tone which is reflected by an increased HR and increased contractility.
This results in increased cardiac output .)

,Quiz:> Which ANS state is reflected by an increased HR and contractility? What does it
result in?
{{{Answers}}} (The ANS state of sympathetic tone (sympathetic stimulation) is reflected
by an increased HR and contractility. These increases raise cardiac output.)

Quiz:> In terms of vascular tone, what is "Steady State" referring to with regards to
stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
{{{Answers}}} (If the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated, think rest and
digest! You get parasympathetic tone which is reflected by an decreased HR and
decreased CO cardiac output.)

Quiz:> Decreased HR and decreased CO are associated with stimulation of which
branch of the ANS?
{{{Answers}}} (Decreased HR and decreased CO is indicative of parasympathetic
nervous system stimulation)

Quiz:> Which branch of the ANS regulates blood vessels?
{{{Answers}}} (Blood vessels are regulated by the sympathetic branch of the ANS.)

Quiz:> What happens when Beta 1 (b1) receptors are stimulated?
{{{Answers}}} (In the heart, beta 1 (b1) stimulation results in increased HR, increased
contractility, increased conduction. In the kidney b1 stimulation increases renin
secretion.)

Quiz:> What two organs of the body does beta 1 effect?
{{{Answers}}} (Beta 1 (b1) receptors influence the Heart and the Kidneys)

Quiz:> What does beta 2 (b2) stimulation influence?
{{{Answers}}} (B2 stimulation influences the lungs (bronchodilation), and the arterioles
(vasodilation))

Quiz:> What do alpha receptors influence?
{{{Answers}}} (Alpha receptors influence peripheral arterioles and can cause
vasoconstriction)

Quiz:> Describe the baroreceptor reflex (pressoceptors). In particular, where are they
located, what do they do, and how do they respond to an increase/decrease in Arterial
pressure (AP)?
{{{Answers}}} (The baroreceptor reflect is primarily located in the carotid sinus and the
aortic arch. These receptors sense Arterial Pressure (AP) and relays that info the the
medulla. When the AP drops, the baroreceptor reflex activates the Sympathethic
Nervous System (SNS) which results in constriction of the blood vessels. This
constriction increases systemic vascular resistance (SVR), increases venous return,
and increases HR. When the arterial pressure (AP) is too high, the baroreceptor reflex
dilates blood vessels and slows the heart rate.)

, Quiz:> What does the baroreceptor reflex do when Arterial Pressure (AP) is too high?
{{{Answers}}} (The baroreceptor reflex dilates blood vessels and slows HR when arterial
pressure (AP) is too high)

Quiz:> What does the baroreceptor reflex do when arterial pressure (AP) drops?
{{{Answers}}} (The baroreceptor reflex activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
when AP drops. This activation results in constriction of blood vessels which in turn
causes an increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR), an increase in venous
return, and an increase in HR.)

Quiz:> Describe what vascular endothethelium is?
{{{Answers}}} (Vascular endothelium is exactly what is sounds like, it is a single layer of
cells that lines the interior of blood vessels. It has the ability to produce vasoactive
substances and growth factors.)

Quiz:> What functions do the vascular epithelium carry out?
{{{Answers}}} (Because the vascular epithelium line in interior of blood vessels and they
can produce vasoactive substances and growth factors, the vascular endothelium
maintain low arterial tone at rest, secrete growth factors that help the blood flow
normally, and they inhibit platelet aggregation (blood clots))

Quiz:> With regards the the kidneys, what happens when arterial pressure remains low?
{{{Answers}}} (When arterial pressure (AP) is low, the kidneys respond by retaining
water. This happens by the release of renin and the activation of the renin angiotensin
aldosterone system. Renal blood flow is also reduced, thereby reducing GFR
(glomerular \filtration rate) so you get less urine and more retained water and salt which
increases blood pressure)

Quiz:> So, if you have arterial pressure that remains low, the kidneys release what?
(which activates what?), and also what else happens to blood flow to the kidneys, which
in turn causes?
{{{Answers}}} (AP that remains low = Renin release-> activation of RAAS. Blood flow
reduced to kidneys -> decreased GFR ->more retained water and salt-> BP increase-
>less urine)

Quiz:> What is renin? Why is it released?
{{{Answers}}} (Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidney, duh. It is released when
arterial pressure remains low and there is a decrease in renal perfusion)

Quiz:> What does renin do when it is released?
{{{Answers}}} (Renin takes this stuff called angiotensinogen (which is released by the
liver), and converts it to angiotensin I.)

Quiz:> Great, so Renin is released, and it turns angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
Then what happens?