Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition TESTBANK

Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition TESTBANK The breathing pattern that reflects respirations based primarily on carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood is: a. Cheyne-Stokes. b. ataxic. c. central neurogenic. d. normal. ANS: A Cheyne-Stokes respirations occur as a result of CO2 levels in the blood. Ataxic breathing occurs as a result of dysfunction of the medullary neurons. Central neurogenic patterns occur as a result of uncal herniation. Normal respirations are based on the levels of oxygen (O2) in the blood. REF: p. 361 5. A teenager sustains a severe closed head injury following an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) accident and is in a state of deep sleep that requires vigorous stimulation to elicit eye opening. How should the nurse document this in the chart? a. Confusion b. Coma c. Obtundation d. Stupor ANS: D Stupor is a condition of deep sleep or unresponsiveness from which a person may be aroused or caused to open his or her eNyesRonlIy byGvigBCus aMnd repeated stimulation. Confusion is the loss of the ability to think rapidly and clearly and is characterized by impaired judgment and decision making. Coma is a condition in which there is no verbal response to the external environment or to any stimuli; noxious stimuli such as deep pain or suctioning do not yield motor movement. Obtundation is a mild-to-moderate reduction in arousal (awakeness) with limited response to the environment. REF: p. 361, Table 15-3 6. A patient experiences a severe head injury hitting a tree while riding a motorcycle. Breathing becomes deep and rapid but with normal pattern. What term should the nurse use for this condition? a. Gasping b. Ataxic breathing c. Apneusis d. Central neurogenic hyperventilation ANS: D Central neurogenic hyperventilation is a sustained, deep, rapid, but regular, pattern (hyperpnea) of breathing. Gasping is a pattern of deep “all-or-none” breaths accompanied by a slow respiratory rate. Ataxic breathing is completely irregular breathing that occurs with random shallow and deep breaths and irregular pauses. Apneusis is manifested by a prolonged inspiratory pause alternating with an endexpiratory pause. REF: p. 362, Table 15-4 7. A patient presents to the emergency room (ER) reporting excessive vomiting. A CT scan of the brain reveals a mass in the: a. skull fractures. b. thalamus. c. medulla oblongata. d. frontal lobe. ANS: C Vomiting is due to disruptions in the medulla oblongata. Skull fractures can result in vomiting but would not be related to the mass. The thalamus controls other things such as temperature. The frontal lobe deals with emotions. REF: p. 363 8. For legal purposes, brain death is defined as: a. cessation of entire brain function. b. lack of cortical function. c. a consistent vegetative state (VS). d. death of the brainstem. ANS: A Brain death occurs when there is cessation of function of the entire brain, including the brainstem and cerebellum. Lack of cortical function or brainstem death is not enough to define brain death. A VS is complete unawareness of the self or surrounding environment and complete loss of cognitive function. REF: p. 364 NURSINGTB.COM 9. When thought content and arousal level are intact but a patient cannot communicate and is immobile, the patient is experiencing: a. cerebral death. b. locked-in syndrome. c. dysphagia. d. cerebellar motor syndrome. ANS: B Locked-in syndrome occurs when the individual cannot communicate through speech or body movement but is fully conscious, with intact cognitive function. In cerebral death, the person is in a coma with eyes closed. Dysphagia is difficulty speaking. Cerebellar motor syndrome is characterized by problems with coordinated movement. REF: p. 365 10. What term is used to describe an explosive, disorderly discharge of cortical neurons? a. Reflex b. Seizure c. Inattentiveness d. Brain death ANS: B An explosive, disorderly discharge of cortical neurons is a seizure. A reflex is an expected response. Inattentiveness is a form of neglect. Brain death is a cessation of function. REF: p. 372 11. A patient has memory loss of events that occurred before a head injury. What cognitive disorder does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing? a. Selective memory deficit b. Anterograde amnesia c. Retrograde amnesia d. Executive memory deficit ANS: C Retrograde amnesia is manifested by loss of past personal history memories or past factual memories. In selective memory deficit, the person reports inability to focus attention and has failure to perceive objects and other stimuli. Anterograde amnesia is a loss of the ability to form new memories. Executive memory deficit involves the failure to stay alert and oriented to stimuli. REF: p. 365 12. A 65-year-old patient who recently suffered a cerebral vascular accident is now unable to recognize and identify objects by touch because of injury to the sensory cortex. How should the nurse document this finding? a. Hypomimesis b. Agnosia c. Dysphasia d. Echolalia ANS: B NURSINGTB.COM Agnosia is the failure to recognize the form and nature of objects. Hypomimesis is a disorder of communication. Dysphasia is an impairment of comprehension of language. Echolalia is the ability to repeat.