**MOD 1**
• Hemophilia Pedigree-Father has hemophilia, mother does not.
What is the outcome for their kids. (Mod 1)
His daughters would be
carriers. It’s X-link recessive
• Pedigree chart. Only one is autosomal Dominant.
Autosomal = males and females equally affected. Dominant = non-carrier parents.
• Punnett Square question-4 squares with drop down boxes, you must select the correct
answer for each. They put a dead puppy in one to throw you off, look at the remaining 3
puppies.
Complete dominance either 3 black 1 white.
Codominance - black, white, 2 spotted with both.
Incomplete Dominance - black, white 2 grey.
• Know steps of PCR, one question asks about the first step.
Polymerase Chain Reaction = the process of copying DNA in the lab. With PCR you need
Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA primers.
There is three steps.
Step One: Denaturation= DNA is heated to 95C to separate it.
Step Two: Annealing = reaction is cooled to 50C. primers stick to the DNA that you
want to copy and add DNA polymerase
Step Three: Elongation = reaction heated to 70C and DNA
polymerase add nucleotides building a new DNA strand.
• Ligase is not involved in PCR!
• 1st step of PCR is denaturation!
Know about base excision repair.
This is how you repair a mutation. Base excision repair is used to repair damage to a
bases caused by harmful molecules. You would remove the base that is damaged and replace it.
DNA glycolsylase see’s the damaged DNA and removes it. Then DNA polymerase puts the right
one back in while DNA ligase seals it! BOOM all fixed!
• BER (base excision repair) removes a single nucleotide!
• Mismatch repair occurs during replication. (MMR)
, During replication, DNA polymerase proofreads but sometimes a mismatch pair gets
through. So MMR removes a large section of the nucleotides from the new DNA and DNA
polymerase tries again. Such as C is across T instead of A…
• Know what DNA damage is corrected by mismatch repair.
This is when a base is mismatched but to errors in replication. Such as G - T instead of G
- C. DNA polymerase comes by and fixes it.
• Question about what happens when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA.
Transcription! DNA polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and matches them to
the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must bind with RNA primer to work.
• DNA polymerase is needed for DNA replication!
• 2-3 charts with questions about missense and nonsense mutations. One question had a
mutation that resulted in a change of only one amino acid in the sequence.
NonSense - Change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon
Silent - Change in 1 nucleotide but codes for the same amino acid
Missense - Change in 1 nucleotide leads to a code for a different amino acid.
• During RNA splicing, introns are cut out, and the remaining exons are joined together!
• Know the whole processes of DNA-RNA-mRNA, transcription and translation etc. There
were 3-4 questions about that. )
*Changing DNA template to mRNA
*non template to complementary
• Hemophilia Pedigree-Father has hemophilia, mother does not.
What is the outcome for their kids. (Mod 1)
His daughters would be
carriers. It’s X-link recessive
• Pedigree chart. Only one is autosomal Dominant.
Autosomal = males and females equally affected. Dominant = non-carrier parents.
• Punnett Square question-4 squares with drop down boxes, you must select the correct
answer for each. They put a dead puppy in one to throw you off, look at the remaining 3
puppies.
Complete dominance either 3 black 1 white.
Codominance - black, white, 2 spotted with both.
Incomplete Dominance - black, white 2 grey.
• Know steps of PCR, one question asks about the first step.
Polymerase Chain Reaction = the process of copying DNA in the lab. With PCR you need
Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA primers.
There is three steps.
Step One: Denaturation= DNA is heated to 95C to separate it.
Step Two: Annealing = reaction is cooled to 50C. primers stick to the DNA that you
want to copy and add DNA polymerase
Step Three: Elongation = reaction heated to 70C and DNA
polymerase add nucleotides building a new DNA strand.
• Ligase is not involved in PCR!
• 1st step of PCR is denaturation!
Know about base excision repair.
This is how you repair a mutation. Base excision repair is used to repair damage to a
bases caused by harmful molecules. You would remove the base that is damaged and replace it.
DNA glycolsylase see’s the damaged DNA and removes it. Then DNA polymerase puts the right
one back in while DNA ligase seals it! BOOM all fixed!
• BER (base excision repair) removes a single nucleotide!
• Mismatch repair occurs during replication. (MMR)
, During replication, DNA polymerase proofreads but sometimes a mismatch pair gets
through. So MMR removes a large section of the nucleotides from the new DNA and DNA
polymerase tries again. Such as C is across T instead of A…
• Know what DNA damage is corrected by mismatch repair.
This is when a base is mismatched but to errors in replication. Such as G - T instead of G
- C. DNA polymerase comes by and fixes it.
• Question about what happens when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA.
Transcription! DNA polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and matches them to
the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must bind with RNA primer to work.
• DNA polymerase is needed for DNA replication!
• 2-3 charts with questions about missense and nonsense mutations. One question had a
mutation that resulted in a change of only one amino acid in the sequence.
NonSense - Change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon
Silent - Change in 1 nucleotide but codes for the same amino acid
Missense - Change in 1 nucleotide leads to a code for a different amino acid.
• During RNA splicing, introns are cut out, and the remaining exons are joined together!
• Know the whole processes of DNA-RNA-mRNA, transcription and translation etc. There
were 3-4 questions about that. )
*Changing DNA template to mRNA
*non template to complementary
