Chapter 1:
Make sure you understand anatomical position.
● Anatomical Position: Standard Position
○ Body standing erect
○ Head and toes pointed forward
○ Arms hanging at the sides with palms facing anterior
○ Feet slightly apart
○ Anterior body view
○ Thumbs Lateral
Know the functions of all 11 organ systems described in this chapter
● Integumentary System:
○ Composed of:
skin, nails, hair
i. cutaneous sense organs and glands
○ Function:
i. Protects deeper organs from injury due to bumps, chemicals, bacteria, and
dehydration (drying out)
ii. Excretes salts and urea
iii. Helps regulate body temperature
iv. Forms the external body covering
v. Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
,● Skeletal System:
○ Composed of:
i. Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints
○ Function:
i. Supports and protects internal organs
ii. Provides levers for muscular action (provides muscle attachments for
movement)
iii. Stores minerals (calcium and others)
iv. Cavities provide a site for blood cell formation
● Muscular system:
○ Composed of:
i. Muscles attached to the skeleton
○ Function:
i. Skeletal muscles contract, or shorten; in doing so they move bones to
allow motion (running/walking etc.) grasping and manipulating the
environment, and facial expression (produces movement)
ii. Maintains posture
iii. Generates heat
● Nervous System:
○ Composed of:
i. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
○ Function:
, i. Allows body to detect changes in its internal and external environment and
to respond to such information by activating appropriate muscles or glands
ii. Helps maintain short-term homeostasis of the body by rapidly transmitting
electrical signals
iii. Fast-acting control system
● Endocrine System:
○ Composed of:
i. Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
ii. Ovaries, testes and pancreas
○ Function:
i. Promotes growth and development; produces chemical “messengers”
(hormones) that travel in the blood to exert their effect(s) on various target
organs of the body
ii. Secretes regulatory hormones
● Growth
● Reproduction
● Metabolism
iii. Plays a role in regulating long-term homeostasis
● Cardiovascular System:
○ Composed of:
i. Heart, blood vessels, and blood
○ Function:
Make sure you understand anatomical position.
● Anatomical Position: Standard Position
○ Body standing erect
○ Head and toes pointed forward
○ Arms hanging at the sides with palms facing anterior
○ Feet slightly apart
○ Anterior body view
○ Thumbs Lateral
Know the functions of all 11 organ systems described in this chapter
● Integumentary System:
○ Composed of:
skin, nails, hair
i. cutaneous sense organs and glands
○ Function:
i. Protects deeper organs from injury due to bumps, chemicals, bacteria, and
dehydration (drying out)
ii. Excretes salts and urea
iii. Helps regulate body temperature
iv. Forms the external body covering
v. Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
,● Skeletal System:
○ Composed of:
i. Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints
○ Function:
i. Supports and protects internal organs
ii. Provides levers for muscular action (provides muscle attachments for
movement)
iii. Stores minerals (calcium and others)
iv. Cavities provide a site for blood cell formation
● Muscular system:
○ Composed of:
i. Muscles attached to the skeleton
○ Function:
i. Skeletal muscles contract, or shorten; in doing so they move bones to
allow motion (running/walking etc.) grasping and manipulating the
environment, and facial expression (produces movement)
ii. Maintains posture
iii. Generates heat
● Nervous System:
○ Composed of:
i. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
○ Function:
, i. Allows body to detect changes in its internal and external environment and
to respond to such information by activating appropriate muscles or glands
ii. Helps maintain short-term homeostasis of the body by rapidly transmitting
electrical signals
iii. Fast-acting control system
● Endocrine System:
○ Composed of:
i. Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
ii. Ovaries, testes and pancreas
○ Function:
i. Promotes growth and development; produces chemical “messengers”
(hormones) that travel in the blood to exert their effect(s) on various target
organs of the body
ii. Secretes regulatory hormones
● Growth
● Reproduction
● Metabolism
iii. Plays a role in regulating long-term homeostasis
● Cardiovascular System:
○ Composed of:
i. Heart, blood vessels, and blood
○ Function:
