COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM BIOL 1361
Chapters 1 – 12, 34 - 46
Chapter 1
Distinguish between hypotheses and predictions in the scientific method
a. A hypothesis is an assumption of what will happen based on facts.
b. A prediction is a guess about what the outcome will be usually based on common knowledge.
Chapter 2: Water & Carbon
Compare and contrast the different types of chemical bonds and define the terms chemical bond,
covalent bond (including polar and nonpolar), ionic bond, and hydrogen bond.
a. Ionic Bond- usually formed between a metal and nonmetal. Definition- A chemical bond that is formed
when an electron is completely transferred from one atom to another.
b. Covalent Bond- sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. Usually formed by atoms with similar
electronegativities. Definition- A type of chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pair of
electrons.
Non Polar- 2 nonmetal atoms with the same electronegativities.
Polar- 2 nonmetal atoms with different electronegativities.
c. Hydrogen Bond- not considered a bond, more of an attraction between hydrogen ions and an
electronegative ion. Weakest of the 3. Definition- A weak interaction between 2 molecules resulting from
the attraction between a hydrogen bond and another atom.
d. Chemical Bond- An attractive force binding two atoms together.
Identify which properties of water are due to hydrogen bonds and explain how
a. Strong Surface Tension-(ability of a water strider to walk on water)
b. High Specific Heat- Amount of heat required to change the temperature of water is high-->higher than
alcohol. Hydrogen bonds contribute to water's high specific heat because heat must be absorbed to break
hydrogen bonds, since water is made up of lots of hydrogen bonds it takes a lot more energy/heat to break
those bonds.
c. Nearly universal solvent properties- solvent=dissolving agent; solution=homologous mixture of two
substances; solute=the substance being dissolved. Water is a fine solvent because it is polar and can easily
bond with other molecules.
d. High heat of vaporization-quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for one gram of it to be converted from
the liquid to gaseous state.
e. Cohesion- attraction of water with other water molecules.
f. Adhesion- attraction of water molecules to other substances.
Explain why water is considered a polar solvent.
a. Water is considered a polar solvent because that have -OH and H+ ions and since these ions are charged
that makes water considered a polar solvent.
Define the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic and state which correctly describes ions, polar,
and nonpolar substances
a. Hydrophilic- Interacts readily with water. Typically polar compounds containing partially or fully
charged atoms.
,b. Hydrophobic- Not readily interacting with water. Hydrophobic compounds are typically nonpolar
molecules.
Describe and recognize the structure of functional groups, including hydroxyl, carbonyl,
carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate
Describe the properties of each functional group and the significance of those properties
a. Hydroxyl- polar, forms H Bonds, -Ol
b. Carbonyl- Polar, Ketones and Aldehydes, Acetone
c. Carboxyl- Polar, Acidic
, d. Phosphate- Strong Potential to react with water and release energy
e. Sulfhydryl- Can form disulfide bridges
Chapters 3 - 5: Proteins, Nucleic Acids, & Carbohydrates
Identify the type of macromolecule based on a structural diagram
Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid
Compare the structure and function of different types of lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids,
steroids, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Chapters 1 – 12, 34 - 46
Chapter 1
Distinguish between hypotheses and predictions in the scientific method
a. A hypothesis is an assumption of what will happen based on facts.
b. A prediction is a guess about what the outcome will be usually based on common knowledge.
Chapter 2: Water & Carbon
Compare and contrast the different types of chemical bonds and define the terms chemical bond,
covalent bond (including polar and nonpolar), ionic bond, and hydrogen bond.
a. Ionic Bond- usually formed between a metal and nonmetal. Definition- A chemical bond that is formed
when an electron is completely transferred from one atom to another.
b. Covalent Bond- sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. Usually formed by atoms with similar
electronegativities. Definition- A type of chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pair of
electrons.
Non Polar- 2 nonmetal atoms with the same electronegativities.
Polar- 2 nonmetal atoms with different electronegativities.
c. Hydrogen Bond- not considered a bond, more of an attraction between hydrogen ions and an
electronegative ion. Weakest of the 3. Definition- A weak interaction between 2 molecules resulting from
the attraction between a hydrogen bond and another atom.
d. Chemical Bond- An attractive force binding two atoms together.
Identify which properties of water are due to hydrogen bonds and explain how
a. Strong Surface Tension-(ability of a water strider to walk on water)
b. High Specific Heat- Amount of heat required to change the temperature of water is high-->higher than
alcohol. Hydrogen bonds contribute to water's high specific heat because heat must be absorbed to break
hydrogen bonds, since water is made up of lots of hydrogen bonds it takes a lot more energy/heat to break
those bonds.
c. Nearly universal solvent properties- solvent=dissolving agent; solution=homologous mixture of two
substances; solute=the substance being dissolved. Water is a fine solvent because it is polar and can easily
bond with other molecules.
d. High heat of vaporization-quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for one gram of it to be converted from
the liquid to gaseous state.
e. Cohesion- attraction of water with other water molecules.
f. Adhesion- attraction of water molecules to other substances.
Explain why water is considered a polar solvent.
a. Water is considered a polar solvent because that have -OH and H+ ions and since these ions are charged
that makes water considered a polar solvent.
Define the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic and state which correctly describes ions, polar,
and nonpolar substances
a. Hydrophilic- Interacts readily with water. Typically polar compounds containing partially or fully
charged atoms.
,b. Hydrophobic- Not readily interacting with water. Hydrophobic compounds are typically nonpolar
molecules.
Describe and recognize the structure of functional groups, including hydroxyl, carbonyl,
carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate
Describe the properties of each functional group and the significance of those properties
a. Hydroxyl- polar, forms H Bonds, -Ol
b. Carbonyl- Polar, Ketones and Aldehydes, Acetone
c. Carboxyl- Polar, Acidic
, d. Phosphate- Strong Potential to react with water and release energy
e. Sulfhydryl- Can form disulfide bridges
Chapters 3 - 5: Proteins, Nucleic Acids, & Carbohydrates
Identify the type of macromolecule based on a structural diagram
Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid
Compare the structure and function of different types of lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids,
steroids, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
