US History I Practice milestone 4 EXAM PACK-BEST FOR 2022 ACTUAL EXAM

Place the events in the correct chronological order. 1. 2. 3. ● a. Following border disputes, Congress declared war on Mexico ● b. The United States formally annexed Texas. ● c. Thousands of people flocked to California in search of gold RATIONALE Sectional tensions over slavery increased as the nation expanded westward. This process began in earnest after Congress annexed Texas in 1845, and intensified after Congress declared war on Mexico in 1846. At the war's end, the U.S. acquired land from Mexico stretching from Texas to California. When gold was discovered in California in 1848, the rapid influx of settlers prompted California to apply for statehood as a free state, which once again threatened to upset the sectional balance in Congress. CONCEPT The Dilemma of the West The Compromise of 1850 A House Divided: Crises of the 1850s 2 Consider the painting Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, completed by Emanuel Leutze in 1861, and how it represents core ideas behind manifest destiny. Choose the statement that does NOT reflect an element of manifest destiny. RATIONALE Manifest destiny, or the idea that white Americans had a calling and a duty to seize and settle in western North America, contained three elements at its core: a belief in White superiority, a belief that westward expansion would guarantee the survival of the United States by providing economic opportunities for American settlers, and the belief that western settlement was part of God's divine plan for the United States. CONCEPT Think About It: What Were Some Responses to Slavery? 3 Consider the sketch published in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper in 1867. This sketch, captioned “Selling a freedman to pay his fine, at Monticello, Florida,” displays an example of . RATIONALE In 1865 and 1866, new southern governments enacted a series of laws known as the Black Codes. These laws were designed to maintain white supremacy by regulating the lives of former slaves. The Black Codes contained labor laws, such as the requirement that freed slaves sign annual labor contracts with a single employer. The black man depicted in this image was likely someone who was unable to or refused to sign a labor contract, and the white men represent individuals willing to pay his fine in exchange for his (unpaid) labor. CONCEPT Reconstructing the South 4 All of the following contributed to the end of Reconstruction except . RATIONALE Reconstruction ultimately ended in the South due to a variety of pressures, including terror campaigns by white supremacist organizations like the KKK, northern opposition to continued Reconstruction efforts, the success of "redeemers" in reestablishing southern state governments under the Democratic Party, and the Compromise of 1877, which awarded the presidency to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for concessions to the South. The Compromise of 1877 represented the end of any substantive involvement on the part of the federal government in Southern politics. CONCEPT The Collapse of the Reconstruction 5 Read the excerpt from John C. Calhoun, written in 1828 in response to the enactment of a new federal tariff. “If it be conceded, as it must be by every one who is the least conversant with our institutions, that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General [Federal] and State Governments, and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former, it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers, and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction. . . “ Calhoun is arguing for . RATIONALE In this selection, Calhoun is arguing for the rights of states to nullify (disavow or refuse to enforce) federal laws that appear to be contrary to their interests or invasive of their sovereignty. Calhoun was one of the most vocal proponents of states' rights and state sovereignty in the early 19th century, and was motivated in part by the desire to protect the interests of southern slave owners. CONCEPT Slavery in the United States in the 19th Century 6 Controversies in the 1850s resulted in a political change in America – the end of the second party system. By 1854, a new political party emerged focused on limiting the spread of (A) into (B) . A slavery democracy abolitionism B Kansas and Nebraska western territories the North RATIONALE The second party system (comprised of the Whigs and Democrats) dissolved in the 1850s under the pressures of the slavery question. Northern Whigs, some northern Democrats, members of the Free Soil Party, and assorted abolitionists formed a new political coalition called the Republican Party in 1854. The Republican Party was dedicated to preventing the spread of slavery into the western territories. CONCEPT A House Divided: Crises of the 1850s 7 Choose the statement that is NOT reflective of militant abolitionism. RATIONALE Militant abolitionism differed from earlier antislavery movements in that it advocated for the complete and immediate elimination of slavery from the United States, rather than for gradual emancipation or containing slavery in the South. Its opposition to slavery was moral in nature, and many abolitionists were inspired by the spiritual fervor of the Second Great Awakening. Most abolitionists also rejected the relocation of freed slaves to Africa or the Caribbean, instead arguing that freed slaves should have the right to become citizens of equal standing in the United States. CONCEPT The Abolitionist Movement 8 Choose True if the statement reveals a belief of the people who gathered at Seneca Falls in 1848, and choose False if it does not. Women see parallels between their secondary status and that of African Americans This is our country’s first convention devoted to the discussion of women’s rights Because women are spiritual leaders within the home, they should replace men as ministers RATIONALE The Seneca Falls Convention was the first American conference on women’s rights. It was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, both of whom were active in abolitionism and saw parallels between the unequal status of women and blacks in American society. The Convention published a “Declaration of Rights and Sentiments” that issued a call for women's rights, including the right to vote, but it did not advocate for women to displace men in the ministry or any other profession or position of leadership. CONCEPT Women's Activism in the Early 19th Century 9 One component of the Compromise of 1850 was a ban on the slave trade in (A) . A Washington, D.C. the New Mexico territory the North New York City RATIONALE The Compromise of 1850 included a provision that banned the slave trade, although not the practice of slavery, in Washington D.C. CONCEPT The Compromise of 1850 10 Choose the ideology that was most influential on Abraham Lincoln’s views on slavery before the Civil War. RATIONALE Abraham Lincoln was opposed to slavery, but he was not an abolitionist, meaning that as a politician he did not express the view that the government should put an immediate and complete end to slavery. He believed slavery to be immoral, but he was most influenced by the principles of free labor ideology. For example, he believed that slavery was unjust for depriving blacks the opportunity for self-improvement and because it degraded the dignity and wages of white workers. Moreover, he thought that sectional tensions over slavery limited the nation’s economic potential by distracting the government from economic development and investment in internal improvements. CONCEPT Think About It: Was Lincoln an Abolitionist? 11 Rank the economic or social condition as being affiliated with the North or the South during the Civil War. North South Blockades made it difficult to import or export goods. Government contracts with private companies kept the army supplied. Farms were able to produce enough food to feed and support soldiers Paper money was printed in large quantities and inflation rose The first income tax was imposed to help raise funds to support the war RATIONALE The South struggled to mobilize effectively for the Civil War. The southern government had difficulty financing the war effort as it suffered from the negative economic effects of a naval blockade imposed by the North, and it turned to printing paper money, which led to rampant inflation and economic depression. The North was better able to mobilize and finance the war effort, in part by establishing an income tax. The Union also benefitted from government contracts with major producers of food, weapons, and other needed materials, all of whom were located in the North. Finally, whereas the best land in the South was devoted to raising cotton, farms throughout the North were able to supply civilians and Union troops with abundant foodstuffs. CONCEPT The Civil War 12 Match the term with its definition. Bleeding Sumner Dred Scott decision Bleeding Kansas ● A. violence between pro- and anti-slavery groups in a western territory ● B. an assault on a northern senator who criticized southern slavery ● C. a northern, antislavery political party that formed in 1854 ● D. Congress had no power to impede the expansion of slavery RATIONALE "Bleeding Sumner" refers to the event of 1856 in which Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner was attacked by congressman Preston Brooks on the Senate floor after delivering a speech that would later be titled “The Crime Against Kansas." "Bleeding Kansas" refers to the violence that erupted in Kansas in the mid-1850s as proslavery and antislavery settlers clashed over the establishment of the territorial government. The Dred Scott decision refers to the Supreme Court case Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857 that proclaimed that Congress had no authority under the Constitution to limit the spread of slavery into western territories. CONCEPT A House Divided: Crises of the 1850s 13 Rank the statements as reflective of Presidential Reconstruction or Congressional Reconstruction. Presidential Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction "Ratification of the 14th amendment will overturn the Dred Scott court decision." “Most southerners who declare loyalty to the Union are pardoned and reprieved.” “The most important issue in the South is extending civil rights to freed slaves.” RATIONALE Presidential Reconstruction was more lenient than Congressional Reconstruction. As such, Presidential Reconstruction granted “amnesty and pardon” to most southerners. Confederate political leaders, high-ranking military officers, and persons with taxable property worth more than $20,000 were required to request a personal pardon from President Johnson. Congressional Reconstruction sought a more radical overhaul of the South that would rebuild its politics, economy, and culture. It sought in particular to extend civil and political rights to former slaves. For example, it required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment, which guaranteed citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," including African Americans. CONCEPT Reconstructing the South 14 Read the excerpt from an 1863 Frederick Douglass speech entitled “Men of Color, To Arms!” “A war undertaken and brazenly carried on for the perpetual enslavement of colored men, calls logically and loudly for colored men to help suppress it. Only a moderate share of sagacity was needed to see that the arm of the slave was the best defense against the arm of the slaveholder.” Why did Douglass believe it was important for African Americans to serve in the Union army? RATIONALE In this speech, Douglass is arguing that in a war initiated by the South to preserve slavery, African Americans must fight. His speech was given shortly after the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, which signaled a shift in the Union's purpose for fighting the Civil War from preserving the Union to ending slavery. Douglass, along with other advocates for racial equality, worked hard to recruit African Americans for the Union army, believing black participation in the military would require Americans to reconsider black citizenship (although not necessarily voting rights). CONCEPT Perspectives on Emancipation 15 Match the interpretation of Reconstruction with the appropriate author or school of thought. Dunning School WEB DuBois Eric Foner ● A. “When the federal government provided every need, African Americans remained childlike and helpless.” ● B. “The federal government began to extend equal rights and protections for all its citizens.” ● C. "Analyses of Reconstruction showed a consistent, unbiased, and objective viewpoint by historians.” ● D. “Both white Southern landowners and Northern business interests wanted to profit from and exploit black labor.” RATIONALE The Dunning School is the name given to an era in Reconstruction historiography that viewed the South as a victim of federal overreach and misguided racial policies. It viewed institutions designed to support the civil and political rights of freedmen, such as the Freedmen's Bureau, as barriers to black advancement. W.E.B. Du Bois later argued that former slaves, northern free blacks, and their white allies were key agents who fought to establish racial and economic equality throughout the United States, but whose efforts failed due to northern and southern economic interests that continued to exploit black labor. Eric Foner, like Du Bois, argued that African Americans played an active and positive role in Reconstruction. He also underscored the importance of the federal government in taking responsibility for equal rights and protection for all Americans. Foner argued that Reconstruction marked the beginning of “the activist state." CONCEPT Think About It: How Have Historians Viewed Reconstruction? 16 Match the key battle with its significance to the Civil War. Battle of Antietam Vicksburg March to the Sea ● A. This effectively ended the Confederates invasion of the North ● B. Grant’s victory here secured Union control of the Mississippi River ● C. Union forces destroyed everything in its path ● D. the single deadliest day of the Civil War RATIONALE The Battle of Antietam, which took place in Maryland in 1862, is notable for being the deadliest day of the Civil War. Approximately 4,000 men died and another 18,000 were wounded. The Battle of Vicksburg (Mississippi) in 1862 inflicted a serious blow to the southern war effort by securing northern control of the Mississippi River and dividing the southeastern Confederate states from Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Sherman's March to the Sea, wherein Union forces cut a swath of destruction across Georgia to the coastal city of Savannah in 1864, revealed the harsh realities of total war to the Confederacy. CONCEPT The Civil War The End of the War 17 Choose two concerns of the Free Soil Party. RATIONALE The Free Soil Party opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories, and therefore rejected the principle of popular sovereignty, or the belief that citizens of a western territory should be able to vote on whether or not to allow slavery in their territory. Its political base was motivated primarily by the tenets of free labor ideology. Unlike abolitionists, advocates of free soil were generally not motivated by a belief in racial equality. CONCEPT The Dilemma of the West 18 Slavery continued to grow in the United States in the 19th century for all of the following reasons except . RATIONALE The reasons slavery continued to expand in the United States in the early 19th century included racist beliefs about African Americans, the desire for cheap labor to harvest and process cotton, and a natural population increase among African-American slaves in the South. While slavery was expanding in the United States, other major Europeans powers, such as France and Britain, abolished the institution. CONCEPT Slavery in the United States in the 19th Century 19 Choose the true statement about the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. RATIONALE The Emancipation Proclamation, signed on January 1, 1863, was an executive order by President Lincoln that declared slaves who currently lived in the Confederacy “thenceforward, and forever free.” It did not apply to slaves in the border states, as these states were not part of the Confederacy. CONCEPT The End of the War 20 Choose the statement that does NOT demonstrate a southern argument for secession. RATIONALE Southern secession was defended under the guises of defending southerners' property rights, opposing efforts towards racial equality, and insisting on the South's right to secede under social contract theory. The statement that “the Union cannot be dissolved by the actions of a minority of the states” reflects an argument used by northerners to reject the validity of southern secession. CONCEPT The Election of 1860 and Secession 21 Rank the statement with the approach to ending slavery it exemplifies. colonization free labor ideology abolitionism “The institution of slavery creates a leisure class that exploits the work of others.” “The goal of our movement is to return free slaves to their African homeland.” "We protest against the racial inequality of all African Americans, whether they be free or slave." RATIONALE Opponents to slavery had different ideas about how to end the institution. Abolitionists advocated the immediate end of slavery and civil and political rights for African Americans. Proponents of colonization saw no viable path to racial equality and instead believed the best approach to ending slavery was to send freed slaves to Africa or the Caribbean. Antislavery activists motivated by free labor ideology sought to restrict slavery to the South and criticized the institution for distorting the connection between hard work and economic success. They argued that slavery should end in part because it promoted a culture of leisure among white plantation owners who profited from the exploitation of other laborers. CONCEPT The Abolitionist Movement 22 Choose the action that was NOT an effect of the Fugitive Slave Act. RATIONALE The Fugitive Slave Act, which imposed heavy fines and prison sentences on anyone who aided runaway slaves or refused to capture them, was very controversial in the North and increased sectional tensions. The Act had the effect of increasing antislavery sentiment in the North and bolstered support for the abolition movement. It was also ultimately ineffective, in that only about 150 runaway slaves captured under the Fugitive Slave Act were returned to the South. CONCEPT The Compromise of 1850 23 A feigning illness running away rebellion B treasonous cautious risky RATIONALE Slaves resisted their condition in a variety of ways, including running away and feigning illness. However, organized rebellion was by far the least common form of resistance because it was the most risky and most dangerous, and its consequences were severe. For example, 35 conspirators were executed following the discovery of the Vesey conspiracy, and unknown numbers of African Americans were killed in the wake of Nat Turner's rebellion. CONCEPT The Slave Experience 24 Choose True if the statement reflects a cause of westward expansion during the Civil War and Reconstruction, and choose False if it does not. True False Democrats left Congress to serve the Confederacy, leaving Republicans with a majority Congress promoted western expansion by offering 300 acres of land for free Federal land was set aside for the development of agricultural colleges RATIONALE When the South seceded from the Union during the Civil War, the majority of southern politicians--most of whom were Democrats--left Congress to serve the Confederacy. In their absence, the Republican Party was able to pass legislation that supported westward expansion, including the Morrill Act (also known as the Land Grant College Act), which provided for the creation of “agricultural and mechanical schools” throughout the Union. Western expansion was also encouraged by the Homestead Act, which granted 160 acres (not 300 acres) of free land out west to heads of households. CONCEPT Towards a Greater Reconstruction 25 Read the following excerpt from William Lloyd Garrison: "Believing, as we do, that men should never do evil that good may come; that a good end does not justify wicked means in the accomplishment of it; and that we ought to suffer, as did our Lord and his apostles, unresistingly -- knowing that vengeance belongs to God, and he will certainly repay it where it is due; -- believing all this, and that the Almighty will deliver the oppressed in a way which we know not, we deprecate the spirit and tendency of this Appeal….We do not preach rebellion -- no, but submission and peace." Select the option that reflects the way in which Nat Turner have likely responded to this view on abolitionism. RATIONALE In this selection, William Lloyd Garrison, a leading northern abolitionist, is responding to antislavery activists who seem to encourage violent resistance. Garrison writes "that a good end does not justify wicked means," arguing that while he supports the abolition of slavery, rebellion and violence are not the right methods for achieving slavery's end. Nat Turner, a deeply spiritual slave who led a rebellion in Virginia in 1831 that resulted in the deaths of scores of whites and blacks alike, would have agreed with Garrison's position on slavery. But as his actions show, he would have disagreed with Garrison on the use of violence in ending slavery. CONCEPT Think About It: What Were Some Responses to Slavery?