Introduction to Sociology - Milestone 2. 2022 EXAM PACK

Introduction to Sociology - Milestone 2. Which of the following is the second stage in the process of sociocultural evolution? • Hunting and gathering • Horticulture and pastoralism • Industry • Agriculture Which of the following is an area of focus for the labeling theory of deviance? • Examining how difference is perceived as deviance • Exploring the impact of the shift from primary to secondary deviance • All of the answer choices are correct. • Understanding how stigma affects identity Which of the following terms describes how the introduction of new technology in society can cause parts of a culture to change at different rates? • Sociocultural evolution • Cultural lag • Cultural integration • Cultural transmission Who was Edwin Sutherland? • A sociologist and criminologist who theorized differential association • An anthropologist who theorized differential association • A sociologist and criminologist who theorized social conflict • An anthropologist who theorized social conflict At the height of the Roman Empire, criminals were publicly stoned to death. A public display of punishment, including violent execution, is a method of __________ because it provides an example for the rest of society. • retribution • retaliation • deterrence • force Which of the following arguments is NOT made by supporters of multiculturalism? • It encourages divisiveness and racial separation. • It is a way of accepting society's increasing diversity. • It encourages understanding of one's cultural heritage. • None of the answer choices are correct. Travis Hirschi, the founder of control theory, would NOT agree with which of the following statements? • Matt got in trouble because he had no productive ways to spend his time. • Matt got in trouble because he felt he had nothing to lose and no opportunities. • Matt got in trouble because he didn't have many strong social attachments to groups, friends, and family members. • Matt got in trouble because his mom was a bad person. Being bad must run in their family. Which of the following statements about the feminist perspective on deviance is true? • It states that female deviance is more important than male deviance. • None of the answer choices are correct. • It states that existing theories of deviance do not account for the behavior of women. • It states that existing theories of deviance accurately describe female behavior. Giving gifts to observe the Christmas holiday is an example of which of the following? • Real culture • Neither real nor ideal culture • Ideal culture Alan and Steve discuss the Chinese government's policy of forbidding couples to have more than one child. Steve says that the policy is "backward, stupid, and downright wrong." Steve's comment is evidence of which of the following views of culture? • Cultural relativism • Ethnocentrism • Culture shock • Cultural universal Which of the following statements about strain theory is true? • Strain theory argues that group associations explain why people engage in deviant behavior. • Strain theory was developed by Robert K. Merton. • Strain theory argues that people always conform because they want to get ahead. When manufacturers and other businesses pollute the environment, causing problems for the surrounding community, they commit which of the following types of crime? • Hate crime • White collar crime • Corporate crime • Organized crime The argument that those who challenge the capitalist system will be controlled by the criminal justice system illustrates which of the following theories of crime and deviance? • Differential association theory • Control theory • Labeling theory • Conflict theory Which of the following is an example of a community-based correction? • Death penalty • Retribution • Parole • Societal protection What is the primary basis for cultural transmission that enables us to share beliefs and perspectives from one generation to the next? • Language and symbols • Subculture • Cultural relativism • Sociobiology Which of the following cultural patterns includes hippies, religious militants, militias, and organized crime groups because of their oppositional stance towards society? • Subculture • Counterculture • Monoculture • Multiculturalism Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the social foundations of deviance? • What is labeled "deviant" in one culture may be considered "normal" in another. • Definitions of deviance change over time. • People are perceived as deviant when they view their own behavior as deviant. • Power and social status play key roles in how people define deviant behavior. In one of your classes, you meet someone whose appearance, speech, and expressed beliefs are different from your own. This is an example of encountering __________. • culture shock • high culture • a different culture • a different norm Bernie Madoff, a wealthy hedge fund manager, was convicted of defrauding investors in a pyramid scheme. Madoff was guilty of which of the following types of crime? • Corporate crime • Organized crime • White collar crime • Blue collar crime Which of the following statements about sociobiology is true? • Sociobiology has no explanation for cultural universals. • Sociobiology works to disprove Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. • Sociobiology examines the biological factors that shape culture. Society forbids incest — sexual or marital relations between family members. In this example, incest is a __________ — a societal rule so powerful that its violation is punishable by society. • taboo • folkway • more • counterculture According to sociologist Robin Williams Jr., which of the following are core values of American life? • Science • Racism and group superiority • Equal opportunity • All of the answer choices are correct.