AQA A-level biology
topic
,Biological molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17
Organisms exchange substances with their environment . . . . . . . 18-22
Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms . . . .22-29
Energy transfers in and between organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-34
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments.35-40
Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-45
The control of gene expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45-50
,1 __________________________________________________ Biology
1.Monomers and polymers.
The variety of life, both past and present, is extensive, but
the biochemical basis of life is similar for all living things.
Monomers are the smaller units from which larger
molecules are made.
Polymers are molecules made from a large number of
monomers joined together.
Monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides are
examples of monomers.
A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with
the formation of a chemical bond and involves the
elimination of a molecule of water.
A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between two
molecules and involves the use of a water molecule.
2.Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are the monomers from which larger
carbohydrates are made. Glucose, galactose and fructose
are common monosaccharides.
A condensation reaction between two monosaccharides
forms a glycosidic bond.
Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two
monosaccharides.
, 2 __________________________________________________ Biology
● maltose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of
two glucose molecules
● sucrose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of a
glucose molecule and a fructose molecule
● lactose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of a
glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.
Glucose has two isomers, α-glucose and β-glucose, with
structures:
Polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of many
glucose units.
● Glycogen and starch are formed by the condensation
of α-glucose.
topic
,Biological molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17
Organisms exchange substances with their environment . . . . . . . 18-22
Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms . . . .22-29
Energy transfers in and between organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-34
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments.35-40
Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-45
The control of gene expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45-50
,1 __________________________________________________ Biology
1.Monomers and polymers.
The variety of life, both past and present, is extensive, but
the biochemical basis of life is similar for all living things.
Monomers are the smaller units from which larger
molecules are made.
Polymers are molecules made from a large number of
monomers joined together.
Monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides are
examples of monomers.
A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with
the formation of a chemical bond and involves the
elimination of a molecule of water.
A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between two
molecules and involves the use of a water molecule.
2.Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are the monomers from which larger
carbohydrates are made. Glucose, galactose and fructose
are common monosaccharides.
A condensation reaction between two monosaccharides
forms a glycosidic bond.
Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two
monosaccharides.
, 2 __________________________________________________ Biology
● maltose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of
two glucose molecules
● sucrose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of a
glucose molecule and a fructose molecule
● lactose is a disaccharide formed by condensation of a
glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.
Glucose has two isomers, α-glucose and β-glucose, with
structures:
Polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of many
glucose units.
● Glycogen and starch are formed by the condensation
of α-glucose.
