NUR 304 Exam 2
Which of the following is a normal age-related change of the nervous system?
- Decline in the weight of the brain
Rationale: There is a decline in brain weight and a reduction in blood flow to the brain. Stages
III and IV sleep become less prominent. Nerve conduction velocity is lower, which causes
slower reflexes and delayed response to multiple stimuli.
Changes to the Body: Nervous System
-Reduction in neurons, nerve fibers, and cerebral blood flow
-Slower r
esponse to change in balance
-Hypothalamus less effective in temperature regulation
Changes to the Body: Musculoskeletal System
-Thinning disks and shortening vertebrae cause decreased height
-Reduced muscle mass, strength, and movement
-Decreased bone mineral and mass
-Diminished calcium absorption
-Increased risk of fractures
Atrophy of the small and large intestine, with fewer cells present on the absorbing surface of
the intestinal wall, causes certain vitamins and minerals to have a decreased rate of absorption.
- True
Rationale: Absorption of vitamin B, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, and iron is decreased in
the intestine of the older adult.
Which of the normal age-related changes in the respiratory system can increase the risk of
infection in the older adult population?
,- Increase in residual volume and reduction in vital capacity.
Rationale: As residual volume increases, the vital capacity is reduced and maximum breathing
capacity decreases, placing older adults at high risk for developing respiratory infections.
Changes to the Body: Respiratory System
- Increased residual capacity and reduced vital capacity
Changes to the Body: Physical Appearance
-Noticeable changes occur after the fourth decade of life
-Hair loss, gray hair, and wrinkles
-Loss of tissue elasticity: elongated ears, baggy eyelids, and double chin
-Loss of subcutaneous fat results in a decline in body's natural insulation
-Diminished stature related to reduced hydration, loss of cartilage, and thinning of vertebrae
Changes to the Body: Cells
-Aging changes start at the basic cellular level
-Cell number reduces, leaving decreased number of functional cells
-Lean body mass decreases
-Total body fat increases
-Extracellular fluid remains constant; intracellular fluid reduces, resulting in less total body
fluid
Alterations are influenced by
- Genetic factors, environment, diet, health, stress, and lifestyle choices
Presbyesophagus
- a condition characterized by a decreased intensity of propulsive waves and an increased
frequency of nonpropulsive waves in the esophagus
Effects of Aging on Musculoskeletal Function #1
, -Decline in size and number of muscle fibers, and reduction in muscle mass
-Decreased body strength
-Endurance declines
-Connective tissue changes
-Reduced flexibility of joints and muscles
Sarcopenia
-Age-related reduction of muscle mass or function resulting from a reduction in protein
synthesis and an increase in muscle protein degeneration
-Can lead to disability
Musculoskeletal Health Promotion #1 - All exercise programs should address:
-Cardiovascular endurance
-Flexibility
-Strength training
Musculoskeletal Health Promotion #2 - Health assessment includes:
-Quality of exercise
-Quantity of exercise
Key elements of strength training are resistance and progression.
-True
-Rationale: Key elements of strength training are resistance and progression. Resistance is
achieved by lifting weights and the use of weight machines and isometric exercises or the use
of one's own body weight through calisthenics.
-Progression involves increasing the workload on the muscles, such as by lifting heavier
weights.
Musculoskeletal Health Promotion #4
-Match individuals' interests and needs
-Range of options should be considered
Which of the following is a normal age-related change of the nervous system?
- Decline in the weight of the brain
Rationale: There is a decline in brain weight and a reduction in blood flow to the brain. Stages
III and IV sleep become less prominent. Nerve conduction velocity is lower, which causes
slower reflexes and delayed response to multiple stimuli.
Changes to the Body: Nervous System
-Reduction in neurons, nerve fibers, and cerebral blood flow
-Slower r
esponse to change in balance
-Hypothalamus less effective in temperature regulation
Changes to the Body: Musculoskeletal System
-Thinning disks and shortening vertebrae cause decreased height
-Reduced muscle mass, strength, and movement
-Decreased bone mineral and mass
-Diminished calcium absorption
-Increased risk of fractures
Atrophy of the small and large intestine, with fewer cells present on the absorbing surface of
the intestinal wall, causes certain vitamins and minerals to have a decreased rate of absorption.
- True
Rationale: Absorption of vitamin B, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, and iron is decreased in
the intestine of the older adult.
Which of the normal age-related changes in the respiratory system can increase the risk of
infection in the older adult population?
,- Increase in residual volume and reduction in vital capacity.
Rationale: As residual volume increases, the vital capacity is reduced and maximum breathing
capacity decreases, placing older adults at high risk for developing respiratory infections.
Changes to the Body: Respiratory System
- Increased residual capacity and reduced vital capacity
Changes to the Body: Physical Appearance
-Noticeable changes occur after the fourth decade of life
-Hair loss, gray hair, and wrinkles
-Loss of tissue elasticity: elongated ears, baggy eyelids, and double chin
-Loss of subcutaneous fat results in a decline in body's natural insulation
-Diminished stature related to reduced hydration, loss of cartilage, and thinning of vertebrae
Changes to the Body: Cells
-Aging changes start at the basic cellular level
-Cell number reduces, leaving decreased number of functional cells
-Lean body mass decreases
-Total body fat increases
-Extracellular fluid remains constant; intracellular fluid reduces, resulting in less total body
fluid
Alterations are influenced by
- Genetic factors, environment, diet, health, stress, and lifestyle choices
Presbyesophagus
- a condition characterized by a decreased intensity of propulsive waves and an increased
frequency of nonpropulsive waves in the esophagus
Effects of Aging on Musculoskeletal Function #1
, -Decline in size and number of muscle fibers, and reduction in muscle mass
-Decreased body strength
-Endurance declines
-Connective tissue changes
-Reduced flexibility of joints and muscles
Sarcopenia
-Age-related reduction of muscle mass or function resulting from a reduction in protein
synthesis and an increase in muscle protein degeneration
-Can lead to disability
Musculoskeletal Health Promotion #1 - All exercise programs should address:
-Cardiovascular endurance
-Flexibility
-Strength training
Musculoskeletal Health Promotion #2 - Health assessment includes:
-Quality of exercise
-Quantity of exercise
Key elements of strength training are resistance and progression.
-True
-Rationale: Key elements of strength training are resistance and progression. Resistance is
achieved by lifting weights and the use of weight machines and isometric exercises or the use
of one's own body weight through calisthenics.
-Progression involves increasing the workload on the muscles, such as by lifting heavier
weights.
Musculoskeletal Health Promotion #4
-Match individuals' interests and needs
-Range of options should be considered
