A-level PSYCHOLOGY Paper 3 Issues and options in psychology 2021

Section A Issues and debates in psychology Answer all questions in this section. 0 1 Which of the following terms best represents the view that biology and environment work together to determine behaviour? Write the correct letter in your answer book. [1 mark] A Determinism B Ethnocentrism C Holism D Interactionism E Reductionism Two psychology students investigated the effect of type of play area on friendly behaviours. They watched the behaviour of six-year-old children in two different play areas and recorded their observations using a set of behavioural categories. They observed 25 children in the first play area and another 25 children in a second play area. Play Area 1 was a grass space, surrounded by trees and plants. Play Area 2 was a paved space, surrounded by brick and concrete walls. 0 2 What are behavioural categories? Explain why it was important to use behavioural categories in this observation. [4 marks] Table 1 shows the raw data for the observation. Table 1 The number of friendly behaviours observed in each category Playing near to another child Standing near to another child Sitting near to another child Play Area 1 Grass space 28 35 32 Play Area 2 Paved space 18 19 20 After the observation, the students showed their raw data table to their psychology teacher. The teacher suggested that some of the behavioural categories in Table 1 were not valid examples of friendly behaviour. Suggest two better examples of friendly behaviours that the students could have used in their observation. Explain why these might be more valid examples of friendly behaviour than the behaviours in Table 1. [4 marks] When she looks at the results in Table 1, the teacher says, “I can see there is a difference in behaviour between the two conditions, but is the difference significant at the 0.05 level of significance?” 0 4 What do the students need to do with the data in Table 1 so that they can answer their teacher’s question? Explain your answer. [4 marks] In this study, the students used a nomothetic approach for their research. 0 5 Name the opposite approach to the nomothetic approach. Briefly outline what this opposite approach might have involved in a study of friendly behaviour. [3 marks] Discuss gender bias in psychological research. Refer to one topic you have studied in your answer. [8 marks] Turn over for Section B