l
OMo
ARc
PSD|
1
1
629
741
Grodneretal.
:Nutr
it
ional
FoundationsandCli
nical
Appli
cati
ons:ANursing
Approach,7th
l
OMo
ARc
PSD|
1
,Ne
uro
Ass
ess
men
t-Ch
apt
er5
8
St
ruc
tur
es&F
unc
ti
ons
oft
heNe
rvou
sSy
ste
m
CNS-
bra
in&s
pin
alc
ord
PNS-
cra
nia
l&s
pin
aln
erv
es;
per
iph
era
lcomp
one
nts
ofANS
Ce
lsof
the
ner
vou
ssy
ste
m
Ne
uron-
pri
maryf
uncti
onal
unit
oft
hener
vouss
yste
m
nonmit
oti
cdoNOTrep
li
cate,
canNOTr
epl
acethe
mse
lves
-
i
nstea
dneuroge
nesis
creat
esnewneur
onsfr
omst
emc e
ls)
Ch
ara
cte
ris
ti
cs-
exc
it
abi
l
it
y(g
ene
rat
ei
mpu
lse
s);
con
duc
ti
vi
ty
(tr
ans
mit
imp
uls
es)
;i
nfl
uen
ceo
the
r
n
eur
ons
,mu
scl
ece
ls,
gl
and
ula
rce
lsb
ytr
ans
mit
ing
ner
vei
mpu
lse
s
Ce
lbod
y(n
ucl
eus
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top
las
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on-
car
ri
esi
mpu
lse
stoot
her
neu
ron
sor
end
org
ans
;my
eli
nat
ed(
mye
li
nsh
eat
hac
tsa
sin
sul
ator
f
orc
ond
uct
ion
ofi
mpu
lse
s)or
unmy
eli
nat
ed
Dendr
it
es-
recei
vener
veimpul
ses
fromaxons
Ne
urogl
i
a-pr
ovi
dessupport
,n
ouri
shment,
pr
otect
iont
oneur
o n
s
*Most
pri
ma r
yCNStumorsnot
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heya
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10xmore
n umer
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ron
s
Ol
igod
endr
o c
ytes
-
pr
oducemyel
insheat
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oundi
nwhit
e mat
erof
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As
tro
cyt
es-
st
ruc
tur
als
upp
ort
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uron
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ormb
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ain
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ri
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ole
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yna
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ct
ran
smi
ssi
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p
hag
ocy
tes
for
deb
ris
whe
nbr
ain
isi
nj
ure
d&p
rov
ide
sup
por
tf
orr
epa
ir;
fou
ndi
ngr
eyma
ter
;
p
rol
i
fer
ati
onc
ont
ri
but
est
ofor
mat
ion
ofs
car
ti
ssu
ein
CNS
Epe
ndymal
cel
s-
secr
eti
onof
CSF
Mic
rog
li
a(mac
roph
age)-
rar
ein
nor
mal
CNSt
is
sue
Ne
urog
ene
sis
Sc
hwa
nnc
els
hel
pre
-gr
owmy
eli
nsh
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out
si
deb
rai
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pin
alc
ord
).I
Fce
lbod
yis
int
act
Re
gen
era
tion
dep
end
son
-ty
pe&l
oca
tion
ofi
nj
ury
,i
nfl
amma
tor
yre
spon
ses
,de
gre
eof
sca
rri
ng
Ne
wre
sea
rch
shows
tha
tad
ult
huma
nbr
ain
cre
ate
sne
wne
uron
sth
rou
ghn
eur
oge
nes
is.
BUT,
man
yce
ls
d
onot
li
vel
ong
E
nha
nce
dby
exe
rci
se&p
rop
ern
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it
ion
Tos
urv
ive
,ne
wce
lsn
eed
-su
ppor
tf
rom
, nei
ghbouri
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i
alc
els,
nut
ri
ent
sfr
omb l
ood
,con
nec
ti
ons
w/
othe
rneur
ons
Mos
tact
ive
areaof
neur
ogene
sisi
nhi
ppoc
ampus
Ne
rve
Imp
uls
e
I
ni
ti
ati
oni
nvol
ves
gen
era
tion
ofa
cti
onp
ote
nti
al
→tr
ave
lsa
lon
gax
on→a
tth
een
dof
the
ner
vef
ibr
e,
tr
ans
mit
ed
a
cros
ssy
nap
se→i
nte
rac
ti
onof
neu
rot
ran
smi
te
rsg
ene
rat
esa
not
her
set
ofa
cti
onp
ote
nti
al
si
nth
ene
xtn
eur
on→
r
epe
ate
dun
til
des
ti
nat
ion
isr
eac
hed
Ac
ti
onPot
ent
ial
At
res
ti
ngs
tat
e-K+
hig
hcon
cen
tra
tion
ins
ide
the
cel
,
Na+h
igh
out
si
dec
eln
ega
tiv
ech
arg
ein
sid
e
r
ela
tiv
etoou
tsi
de-
re
sti
ngme
mbr
ane
pot
ent
ia
l)
Act
ion
pot
ent
ial
occ
urs
whe
nsi
gni
fi
can
tst
imu
lus
alt
ers
memb
ran
epot
ent
i
al
Du
rin
gac
ti
onp
ote
nti
al
-c
elme
mbr
ane
bec
ome
smor
epe
rme
abl
et
oNa
+→ mov
esi
ntoc
eli
nsi
de
b
ecome
spos
it
iv
ere
lat
iv
etoou
tsi
de)
,de
pol
ar
iz
ati
onoc
cur
s→ K+
slowl
yr
e-e
nte
rsi
nsi
deb
ecome
s
n
ega
tiv
e),
r
epo
lar
iz
ati
onoc
cur
s
Down
loa
dedb
yma
rlonma
rlonJ
uni
or(
ben
kig
och
i@g
mai
l
.com)
, l
OMoARc
PSD|
1162
974
1
Na+a
ccumul
ate
sw/re
p e
ate
dact
ionpot
ent
ial
s;
Na-
Kp
ump r
esp
onsi
ble
formovi
ngNa
+ b
ac k
out
andK+bac
kin
toc
elr
equ
ire
sen
erg
yfr
omATP)
Al
way
sal
-
or-
non
e
No
des
ofRa
nvi
er
(ga
psi
nmy
eli
nsh
eat
hof
axo
n)h
elp
act
ion
pot
ent
ial
tr
ave
lfa
ste
r;
hop
pin
gac
ros
sga
psi
s
c
ale
dsa
lt
ato
ryc
ondu
cti
on-
comp
are
dtod
epol
ari
zat
ion
ofu
nmy
eli
nat
eda
xon
s
Sy
nap
se
St
ruc
tur
al&f
unc
ti
ona
lj
unc
ti
onb
etwe
ent
won
eur
ons
2
typ
es:
E
lectr
ic
al-
act
ionpote
nti
al
movesfr
om
n
e ur
onton
e u
rondi
rec
tl
yby
alowing
ele
ctr
ic
alc
urr
ent
o
f
lowbet
we enneu
rons
Ch
emica
l-
acti
onpot
ent
ial
rea
chese
ndofaxon(
pre
synapti
cte
rmina
l)→
ne
urot
rans
miter
isr
ele
ased(
depende
n t
oni
nfl
uxofCadur
ing
depola
riz
ati
on)
→
cr
osses
synap
tic
cle
ft→recei
vedb
yp ost
synapt
ic
n e
uron
Ne
urot
rans
miter
s
Chemica
lage
nti
nvol
ved
int
ran
smi
ssi
onof
imp
uls
eac
ros
ssy
nap
tic
cle
ft
E
xci
tat
ory
-ca
use
↑Na
+pe
rme
abi
l
it
yat
pos
tsy
nap
tic
cel
memb
ran
e→ ↑l
i
kel
i
hood
ofa
cti
onp
ote
nti
al
E
x.a
cet
yl
chol
i
ne,
nor
epi
nep
hri
ne,
ser
oton
in,
dop
ami
ne,
gl
uta
mat
e,
hi
st
ami
neI
nhi
bi
tor
y-
c
aus
e↑K+
&Cl
-
per
mea
bil
i
ty→ ↓l
i
kel
i
hood
ofa
cti
onp
ote
nti
al
E
x.GABA,
gl
yci
ne
↓GABAi
nsp
ina
lcor
dli
nke
dw/
neu
rop
ath
icp
aine
nke
pha
li
ns&
e
ndor
phi
nsh
ave
opi
ate
prop
ert
ie
sin
hib
itp
ain
)
Ce
ntr
alNe
rvou
sSy
ste
m(CNS)
Sp
ina
lCor
d
Gr
eyma
ter
inn
er)
-con
tai
nsc
elb
odi
esof
vol
unt
ary
mot
orn
eur
ons
,pr
ega
ngl
i
oni
cau
ton
omi
cmot
or
n
eur
ons
,i
nte
rne
uron
s
White
ma t
ers
urroundsgr
eymater
)-
cont
ains
axonsofasc
en d
ings
ensory
&de
sce
ndi
ng
(
s u
prasegment
a l
)motor
fi
bers
As
cen
din
gtr
act
s-
car
rys
pec
ifi
cse
nsor
yi
nfor
mat
ion
toh
igh
erl
eve
lsof
CNS
OMo
ARc
PSD|
1
1
629
741
Grodneretal.
:Nutr
it
ional
FoundationsandCli
nical
Appli
cati
ons:ANursing
Approach,7th
l
OMo
ARc
PSD|
1
,Ne
uro
Ass
ess
men
t-Ch
apt
er5
8
St
ruc
tur
es&F
unc
ti
ons
oft
heNe
rvou
sSy
ste
m
CNS-
bra
in&s
pin
alc
ord
PNS-
cra
nia
l&s
pin
aln
erv
es;
per
iph
era
lcomp
one
nts
ofANS
Ce
lsof
the
ner
vou
ssy
ste
m
Ne
uron-
pri
maryf
uncti
onal
unit
oft
hener
vouss
yste
m
nonmit
oti
cdoNOTrep
li
cate,
canNOTr
epl
acethe
mse
lves
-
i
nstea
dneuroge
nesis
creat
esnewneur
onsfr
omst
emc e
ls)
Ch
ara
cte
ris
ti
cs-
exc
it
abi
l
it
y(g
ene
rat
ei
mpu
lse
s);
con
duc
ti
vi
ty
(tr
ans
mit
imp
uls
es)
;i
nfl
uen
ceo
the
r
n
eur
ons
,mu
scl
ece
ls,
gl
and
ula
rce
lsb
ytr
ans
mit
ing
ner
vei
mpu
lse
s
Ce
lbod
y(n
ucl
eus
&cy
top
las
m)
Ax
on-
car
ri
esi
mpu
lse
stoot
her
neu
ron
sor
end
org
ans
;my
eli
nat
ed(
mye
li
nsh
eat
hac
tsa
sin
sul
ator
f
orc
ond
uct
ion
ofi
mpu
lse
s)or
unmy
eli
nat
ed
Dendr
it
es-
recei
vener
veimpul
ses
fromaxons
Ne
urogl
i
a-pr
ovi
dessupport
,n
ouri
shment,
pr
otect
iont
oneur
o n
s
*Most
pri
ma r
yCNStumorsnot
neur
onbeca
use t
heya
renonmi
tot
ic
)
5-
10xmore
n umer
ou s
thanneu
ron
s
Ol
igod
endr
o c
ytes
-
pr
oducemyel
insheat
hin
CNS;f
oundi
nwhit
e mat
erof
CNS
As
tro
cyt
es-
st
ruc
tur
als
upp
ort
one
uron
s,f
ormb
lood
-br
ain
bar
ri
er,
r
ole
ins
yna
pti
ct
ran
smi
ssi
on,
p
hag
ocy
tes
for
deb
ris
whe
nbr
ain
isi
nj
ure
d&p
rov
ide
sup
por
tf
orr
epa
ir;
fou
ndi
ngr
eyma
ter
;
p
rol
i
fer
ati
onc
ont
ri
but
est
ofor
mat
ion
ofs
car
ti
ssu
ein
CNS
Epe
ndymal
cel
s-
secr
eti
onof
CSF
Mic
rog
li
a(mac
roph
age)-
rar
ein
nor
mal
CNSt
is
sue
Ne
urog
ene
sis
Sc
hwa
nnc
els
hel
pre
-gr
owmy
eli
nsh
eat
hin
PNS(
out
si
deb
rai
n&s
pin
alc
ord
).I
Fce
lbod
yis
int
act
Re
gen
era
tion
dep
end
son
-ty
pe&l
oca
tion
ofi
nj
ury
,i
nfl
amma
tor
yre
spon
ses
,de
gre
eof
sca
rri
ng
Ne
wre
sea
rch
shows
tha
tad
ult
huma
nbr
ain
cre
ate
sne
wne
uron
sth
rou
ghn
eur
oge
nes
is.
BUT,
man
yce
ls
d
onot
li
vel
ong
E
nha
nce
dby
exe
rci
se&p
rop
ern
utr
it
ion
Tos
urv
ive
,ne
wce
lsn
eed
-su
ppor
tf
rom
, nei
ghbouri
nggl
i
alc
els,
nut
ri
ent
sfr
omb l
ood
,con
nec
ti
ons
w/
othe
rneur
ons
Mos
tact
ive
areaof
neur
ogene
sisi
nhi
ppoc
ampus
Ne
rve
Imp
uls
e
I
ni
ti
ati
oni
nvol
ves
gen
era
tion
ofa
cti
onp
ote
nti
al
→tr
ave
lsa
lon
gax
on→a
tth
een
dof
the
ner
vef
ibr
e,
tr
ans
mit
ed
a
cros
ssy
nap
se→i
nte
rac
ti
onof
neu
rot
ran
smi
te
rsg
ene
rat
esa
not
her
set
ofa
cti
onp
ote
nti
al
si
nth
ene
xtn
eur
on→
r
epe
ate
dun
til
des
ti
nat
ion
isr
eac
hed
Ac
ti
onPot
ent
ial
At
res
ti
ngs
tat
e-K+
hig
hcon
cen
tra
tion
ins
ide
the
cel
,
Na+h
igh
out
si
dec
eln
ega
tiv
ech
arg
ein
sid
e
r
ela
tiv
etoou
tsi
de-
re
sti
ngme
mbr
ane
pot
ent
ia
l)
Act
ion
pot
ent
ial
occ
urs
whe
nsi
gni
fi
can
tst
imu
lus
alt
ers
memb
ran
epot
ent
i
al
Du
rin
gac
ti
onp
ote
nti
al
-c
elme
mbr
ane
bec
ome
smor
epe
rme
abl
et
oNa
+→ mov
esi
ntoc
eli
nsi
de
b
ecome
spos
it
iv
ere
lat
iv
etoou
tsi
de)
,de
pol
ar
iz
ati
onoc
cur
s→ K+
slowl
yr
e-e
nte
rsi
nsi
deb
ecome
s
n
ega
tiv
e),
r
epo
lar
iz
ati
onoc
cur
s
Down
loa
dedb
yma
rlonma
rlonJ
uni
or(
ben
kig
och
i@g
mai
l
.com)
, l
OMoARc
PSD|
1162
974
1
Na+a
ccumul
ate
sw/re
p e
ate
dact
ionpot
ent
ial
s;
Na-
Kp
ump r
esp
onsi
ble
formovi
ngNa
+ b
ac k
out
andK+bac
kin
toc
elr
equ
ire
sen
erg
yfr
omATP)
Al
way
sal
-
or-
non
e
No
des
ofRa
nvi
er
(ga
psi
nmy
eli
nsh
eat
hof
axo
n)h
elp
act
ion
pot
ent
ial
tr
ave
lfa
ste
r;
hop
pin
gac
ros
sga
psi
s
c
ale
dsa
lt
ato
ryc
ondu
cti
on-
comp
are
dtod
epol
ari
zat
ion
ofu
nmy
eli
nat
eda
xon
s
Sy
nap
se
St
ruc
tur
al&f
unc
ti
ona
lj
unc
ti
onb
etwe
ent
won
eur
ons
2
typ
es:
E
lectr
ic
al-
act
ionpote
nti
al
movesfr
om
n
e ur
onton
e u
rondi
rec
tl
yby
alowing
ele
ctr
ic
alc
urr
ent
o
f
lowbet
we enneu
rons
Ch
emica
l-
acti
onpot
ent
ial
rea
chese
ndofaxon(
pre
synapti
cte
rmina
l)→
ne
urot
rans
miter
isr
ele
ased(
depende
n t
oni
nfl
uxofCadur
ing
depola
riz
ati
on)
→
cr
osses
synap
tic
cle
ft→recei
vedb
yp ost
synapt
ic
n e
uron
Ne
urot
rans
miter
s
Chemica
lage
nti
nvol
ved
int
ran
smi
ssi
onof
imp
uls
eac
ros
ssy
nap
tic
cle
ft
E
xci
tat
ory
-ca
use
↑Na
+pe
rme
abi
l
it
yat
pos
tsy
nap
tic
cel
memb
ran
e→ ↑l
i
kel
i
hood
ofa
cti
onp
ote
nti
al
E
x.a
cet
yl
chol
i
ne,
nor
epi
nep
hri
ne,
ser
oton
in,
dop
ami
ne,
gl
uta
mat
e,
hi
st
ami
neI
nhi
bi
tor
y-
c
aus
e↑K+
&Cl
-
per
mea
bil
i
ty→ ↓l
i
kel
i
hood
ofa
cti
onp
ote
nti
al
E
x.GABA,
gl
yci
ne
↓GABAi
nsp
ina
lcor
dli
nke
dw/
neu
rop
ath
icp
aine
nke
pha
li
ns&
e
ndor
phi
nsh
ave
opi
ate
prop
ert
ie
sin
hib
itp
ain
)
Ce
ntr
alNe
rvou
sSy
ste
m(CNS)
Sp
ina
lCor
d
Gr
eyma
ter
inn
er)
-con
tai
nsc
elb
odi
esof
vol
unt
ary
mot
orn
eur
ons
,pr
ega
ngl
i
oni
cau
ton
omi
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