HESI Anatomy and Physiology
Flexors and extensors
- Flexors- reduce the angle at the joint whereas extensors increase the angle
Abductors and adductors
- Abductors-draw a limb away from the midline
Adductors-return the limb back toward the body
Nervous system
- Composed of neurons (cell, axon, dendrite), central nervous system (brain, spinal cord),
peripheral nervous system (nerves of the body). Recieves, interpretes and transmits impulses
and responses. Responsible for sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing (five senses), heart rate,
breatiing, speech, movement. 45 miles long.
Parts of neuron
- Dendrites, cell body, nucleus, myelin sheath, axon, node of ranvier, schwann's cell, axon
terminal, and dendrites.
Dendrites and axons
- Dendrites-transmit the impulse toward the cell body
- Axons-transmit the impulse away from the body
CNS
- Abbreviation for central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
PNS
- All nervous tissue outside the CNS. Cranial nerves and their branches, spinal nerves and
their branches, ganglia, and sensory receptors. Subdivided into SNS, ANS, and ENS.
,Sensory (Afferent) Motor (efferent)
- Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit neurons impluses toward the CNS.
- Motor (efferent) neurons transmit neurons away from the CNS toward the effector organs
such as muscles glands and digestive organs
Parts of the brain
- Cerebrum-movement and sensory input, cerebellum-responsible for muscular coordination,
medulla oblongata- controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate
Spinal cord
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers.
Endocrine System
- Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and
nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells, Assists the Nervous system in homeostasis and plays
important roles in growth and sexual maturation. These two systems meet at the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Has more long lasting and widespread effects then the
Nervous system.
Location of endocrine glands
- Examples include pituitary gland at base of brain, pineal gland in brain, thyroid and
parathyroid glands near larynx (voice box), adrenal glands superior to kidneys, pancreas near
stomach, ovaries in pelvic cavity, testes in scrotum, thymus in thoracic cavity.
Steroid hormones
- Diffuse directly through the cell membrane and bind to a receptor inside the nucleus that
triggers the cell's response.
Nonsteroid hormones
, - Some are protein hormones. Many of which remain at the cell surface and act through a
second messenger usually a substance called adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Most
hormones affect the cell activity by altering the rate of protein synthesis
Pituitary gland
- Nicknamed the "master gland". Attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. The
pituitary gland has two major portions the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. Releases
tropic hormones from the anterior/adenohypophysis such as STH/GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, and
LH as well as oxytocin, and ADH from the posterior/neurohypophysis.
Thyroid
- A two-lobed endocrine gland located in front of and on either side of the trachea and
producing various hormones, such as calcitonin
Parathyroids
- 4 TINY GLANDS ATTACHED TO THE THYROID THAT FUNCTION TOGETHER, RELEASE
PARATHYROID HORMONE, REGULATES LEVEL OF CALCIUM IN THE BLOOD WITH HELP OF
CALCITONIN, PRODUCED BY THYROID
Adrenals
- Arouse body, regulate salt balance, adjust body to stress, regulate sexual functioning;
located on top of kidneys
Pancreas
- An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce
digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the
pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the
bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
Gonads
- Female and male sex glands. It's released from pituitary gland gonadotropic hormone
stimulation
Flexors and extensors
- Flexors- reduce the angle at the joint whereas extensors increase the angle
Abductors and adductors
- Abductors-draw a limb away from the midline
Adductors-return the limb back toward the body
Nervous system
- Composed of neurons (cell, axon, dendrite), central nervous system (brain, spinal cord),
peripheral nervous system (nerves of the body). Recieves, interpretes and transmits impulses
and responses. Responsible for sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing (five senses), heart rate,
breatiing, speech, movement. 45 miles long.
Parts of neuron
- Dendrites, cell body, nucleus, myelin sheath, axon, node of ranvier, schwann's cell, axon
terminal, and dendrites.
Dendrites and axons
- Dendrites-transmit the impulse toward the cell body
- Axons-transmit the impulse away from the body
CNS
- Abbreviation for central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
PNS
- All nervous tissue outside the CNS. Cranial nerves and their branches, spinal nerves and
their branches, ganglia, and sensory receptors. Subdivided into SNS, ANS, and ENS.
,Sensory (Afferent) Motor (efferent)
- Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit neurons impluses toward the CNS.
- Motor (efferent) neurons transmit neurons away from the CNS toward the effector organs
such as muscles glands and digestive organs
Parts of the brain
- Cerebrum-movement and sensory input, cerebellum-responsible for muscular coordination,
medulla oblongata- controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate
Spinal cord
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers.
Endocrine System
- Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and
nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells, Assists the Nervous system in homeostasis and plays
important roles in growth and sexual maturation. These two systems meet at the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Has more long lasting and widespread effects then the
Nervous system.
Location of endocrine glands
- Examples include pituitary gland at base of brain, pineal gland in brain, thyroid and
parathyroid glands near larynx (voice box), adrenal glands superior to kidneys, pancreas near
stomach, ovaries in pelvic cavity, testes in scrotum, thymus in thoracic cavity.
Steroid hormones
- Diffuse directly through the cell membrane and bind to a receptor inside the nucleus that
triggers the cell's response.
Nonsteroid hormones
, - Some are protein hormones. Many of which remain at the cell surface and act through a
second messenger usually a substance called adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Most
hormones affect the cell activity by altering the rate of protein synthesis
Pituitary gland
- Nicknamed the "master gland". Attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. The
pituitary gland has two major portions the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. Releases
tropic hormones from the anterior/adenohypophysis such as STH/GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, and
LH as well as oxytocin, and ADH from the posterior/neurohypophysis.
Thyroid
- A two-lobed endocrine gland located in front of and on either side of the trachea and
producing various hormones, such as calcitonin
Parathyroids
- 4 TINY GLANDS ATTACHED TO THE THYROID THAT FUNCTION TOGETHER, RELEASE
PARATHYROID HORMONE, REGULATES LEVEL OF CALCIUM IN THE BLOOD WITH HELP OF
CALCITONIN, PRODUCED BY THYROID
Adrenals
- Arouse body, regulate salt balance, adjust body to stress, regulate sexual functioning;
located on top of kidneys
Pancreas
- An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce
digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the
pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the
bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
Gonads
- Female and male sex glands. It's released from pituitary gland gonadotropic hormone
stimulation
