NETWORK BASIC
Peer-to-peer network:-
o Peer-To-Peer network is a network in which all the computers are linked together
with equal privilege and responsibilities for processing the data.
o Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small environments, usually up to 10 computers.
o Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server.
o Special permissions are assigned to each computer for sharing the resources, but
this can lead to a problem if the computer with the resource is down.
Advantages of Peer-To-Peer Network:
o It is less costly as it does not contain any dedicated server.
o If one computer stops working but, other computers will not stop working.
o It is easy to set up and maintain as each computer manages itself.
Disadvantages of Peer-To-Peer Network:
o In the case of Peer-To-Peer network, it does not contain the centralized system .
Therefore, it cannot back up the data as the data is different in different locations.
o It has a security issue as the device is managed itself.
Client/Server Network
o Client/Server network is a network model designed for the end users called clients,
to access the resources such as songs, video, etc. from a central computer known as
Server.
, o The central controller is known as a server while all other computers in the network
are called clients.
o A server performs all the major operations such as security and network
management.
o A server is responsible for managing all the resources such as files, directories,
printer, etc.
o All the clients communicate with each other through a server. For example, if client1
wants to send some data to client 2, then it first sends the request to the server for
the permission. The server sends the response to the client 1 to initiate its
communication with the client 2.
Advantages of Client/Server network:
o A Client/Server network contains the centralized system. Therefore we can back up
the data easily.
o A Client/Server network has a dedicated server that improves the overall
performance of the whole system.
o Security is better in Client/Server network as a single server administers the shared
resources.
o It also increases the speed of the sharing resources.
Disadvantages of Client/Server network:
o Client/Server network is expensive as it requires the server with large memory.
o A server has a Network Operating System (NOS) to provide the resources to the
clients, but the cost of NOS is very high.
o It requires a dedicated network administrator to manage all the resources.
, Internet services:-
Directory Services
These services are mapping between name and its value, which can be variable value or fixed.
This software system helps to store the information, organize it, and provides various means
of accessing it.
Accounting
In an organization, a number of users have their user names and passwords mapped to
them. Directory Services provide means of storing this information in cryptic form and make
available when requested.
Authentication and Authorization
User credentials are checked to authenticate a user at the time of login and/or periodically.
User accounts can be set into hierarchical structure and their access to resources can be
controlled using authorization schemes.
Domain Name Services
DNS is widely used and one of the essential services on which internet works. This system
maps IP addresses to domain names, which are easier to remember and recall than IP
addresses. Because network operates with the help of IP addresses and humans tend to
remember website names, the DNS provides website’s IP address which is mapped to its
name from the back-end on the request of a website name from the user.
File Services
File services include sharing and transferring files over the network.
File Sharing
One of the reason which gave birth to networking was file sharing. File sharing enables its
users to share their data with other users. User can upload the file to a specific server,
which is accessible by all intended users. As an alternative, user can make its file shared on
its own computer and provides access to intended users.
File Transfer
This is an activity to copy or move file from one computer to another computer or to multiple
computers, with help of underlying network. Network enables its user to locate other users
in the network and transfers files.
Communication Services
Email
Electronic mail is a communication method and something a computer user cannot work
without. This is the basis of today’s internet features. Email system has one or more email
servers. All its users are provided with unique IDs. When a user sends email to other user, it
is actually transferred between users with help of email server.
Peer-to-peer network:-
o Peer-To-Peer network is a network in which all the computers are linked together
with equal privilege and responsibilities for processing the data.
o Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small environments, usually up to 10 computers.
o Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server.
o Special permissions are assigned to each computer for sharing the resources, but
this can lead to a problem if the computer with the resource is down.
Advantages of Peer-To-Peer Network:
o It is less costly as it does not contain any dedicated server.
o If one computer stops working but, other computers will not stop working.
o It is easy to set up and maintain as each computer manages itself.
Disadvantages of Peer-To-Peer Network:
o In the case of Peer-To-Peer network, it does not contain the centralized system .
Therefore, it cannot back up the data as the data is different in different locations.
o It has a security issue as the device is managed itself.
Client/Server Network
o Client/Server network is a network model designed for the end users called clients,
to access the resources such as songs, video, etc. from a central computer known as
Server.
, o The central controller is known as a server while all other computers in the network
are called clients.
o A server performs all the major operations such as security and network
management.
o A server is responsible for managing all the resources such as files, directories,
printer, etc.
o All the clients communicate with each other through a server. For example, if client1
wants to send some data to client 2, then it first sends the request to the server for
the permission. The server sends the response to the client 1 to initiate its
communication with the client 2.
Advantages of Client/Server network:
o A Client/Server network contains the centralized system. Therefore we can back up
the data easily.
o A Client/Server network has a dedicated server that improves the overall
performance of the whole system.
o Security is better in Client/Server network as a single server administers the shared
resources.
o It also increases the speed of the sharing resources.
Disadvantages of Client/Server network:
o Client/Server network is expensive as it requires the server with large memory.
o A server has a Network Operating System (NOS) to provide the resources to the
clients, but the cost of NOS is very high.
o It requires a dedicated network administrator to manage all the resources.
, Internet services:-
Directory Services
These services are mapping between name and its value, which can be variable value or fixed.
This software system helps to store the information, organize it, and provides various means
of accessing it.
Accounting
In an organization, a number of users have their user names and passwords mapped to
them. Directory Services provide means of storing this information in cryptic form and make
available when requested.
Authentication and Authorization
User credentials are checked to authenticate a user at the time of login and/or periodically.
User accounts can be set into hierarchical structure and their access to resources can be
controlled using authorization schemes.
Domain Name Services
DNS is widely used and one of the essential services on which internet works. This system
maps IP addresses to domain names, which are easier to remember and recall than IP
addresses. Because network operates with the help of IP addresses and humans tend to
remember website names, the DNS provides website’s IP address which is mapped to its
name from the back-end on the request of a website name from the user.
File Services
File services include sharing and transferring files over the network.
File Sharing
One of the reason which gave birth to networking was file sharing. File sharing enables its
users to share their data with other users. User can upload the file to a specific server,
which is accessible by all intended users. As an alternative, user can make its file shared on
its own computer and provides access to intended users.
File Transfer
This is an activity to copy or move file from one computer to another computer or to multiple
computers, with help of underlying network. Network enables its user to locate other users
in the network and transfers files.
Communication Services
Electronic mail is a communication method and something a computer user cannot work
without. This is the basis of today’s internet features. Email system has one or more email
servers. All its users are provided with unique IDs. When a user sends email to other user, it
is actually transferred between users with help of email server.
