SPED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

High incidence disabilities include all of the following EXCEPT Mental Retardation Speech Impairments Autism LDs Correct answer- Autism Which of the following laws made provisions for preschool children to receive special education services? P.L. 94-142 P.L. Education of the Handicapped Act ADA(1990) Section 504 Correct answer- P.L. Education of the Handicapped Act Using the term ¨the disabled" is preferable to using the term ¨the handicapped" True False Correct answer- False Mild disabilities can significantly affect a students functioning in school True False Correct answer- True Throughout the 1990s, there has been a steady trend to place more students with disabilities in general education classrooms instead of in resource programs. True False Correct answer- True The use of ¨negative school labels¨ with some children tends to suggest that all others learn in the same way. True False Correct answer- True The educational environment in which more students with disabilities served today is the Resource room Special classroom General education classroom Special school Correct answer- General education classroom The classification of a student with a specific disability (e.g., mental retardation, learning disability) guides the design of the students IEP True False Correct answer- False Students with behavioral disorders and those with learning disabilities have completely different educational needs and should be served in separate programs. True False Correct answer- False Students who are viewed as being at risk for school failure: Generally receive special education services Always present behavior problems in the classroom Frequently have needs that are similar to learners with disabilities Are not eligible for special education services Correct answer- Frequently have needs that are similar to learners with disabilities Students with mild disabilities Often develop behavior problems and learned helplessness in response to failure Display very specific problems in a specific area, like learning or behavior Are generally served in special education classrooms for most of their day Only need short-term special education services to remove the disability Correct answer- Often develop behavior problems and learned helplessness in response to failure An example of primary prevention is Creating transition plans for adolescents with disabilities Conduction lead screening in high-risk neighborhoods Testing all newborns for phenylketonuria (PKU) Requiring all children to be immunized against rubella Correct answer- Requiring all children to be immunized against rubella Once classified as a student with an emotional/behavioral disorder, best practice suggests that the student should be placed in a structured, self-contained program using behavior modification contracts True False Correct answer- False Examples of handicapism include all of the following except ¨John is afflicted with cerebral palsy, but doesn't let that stop him.¨ The waitress asks John's wife what he wants to order John is denied admission to college because of his physical disability ¨John uses a wheelchair for mobility¨ Correct answer- ¨John uses a wheelchair for mobility¨ Nicholas Hobbs felt that the correct classification of students was critical to providing effective interventions True False Correct answer- False All of the following are arguments given in support of using disability labels in schools programs, EXCEPT Teachers need to know the label or category in order to provide appropriate services IDEA funding is related to categories; money is sent to school based on the numbers in each category Labeling is required by IDEA for students to be eligible for an IEP A disability label helps explain the student's difficulty to parents, teachers, and the child. Correct answer- Teachers need to know the label or category in order to provide appropriate services Low incidence disabilities include all of the following except Emotional disturbance Hearing impairments Visual impairments Traumatic brain injury Correct answer- Emotional disturbance High incidence disabilities are the same as mild disabilities True False Correct answer- False Which of the following sentences illustrates the preferred way to refer to children with disabilities Mr. Smith's class has two LD kids and one MR kid this year Sally has an attention deficit disorder The mentally retarded students go to Mrs. Smith's resource room Mrs. Jones's handicapped students spend most of their time in her room Correct answer- Sally has an attention deficit disorder Students viewed as "at risk" of school failure frequently have similar needs to students with mild disabilities True False Correct answer- True PARC v. Pennsylvania laid the foundation for the rights established in 1975 as part of P.L. 94-142 right to public ed for all P.A. children with intellectual disabilities True False Correct answer- True In classical Greek and Roman civilizations, individuals with visible disabilities were likely to experience: pity protection rejection education Correct answer- rejection All of the following statements about special education classes in public schools before the 1950s are true EXCEPT There were no public school special education classes before 1950 Special education classes were largely found in urban areas Classes were not available for all disabilities Classes were generally only for those with moderate disabilities Correct answer- There were no public school special education classes before 1950 Mills v.D.C. Board of Education ruled that shortages in funding could not be used to exclude one group of children from school True False Correct answer- True An important new trend by the end of the 1800s was that of providing treatment to people with mental disabilities returning people with disabilities to their home community providing vocal training in sheltered workshops teaching individuals with mental disabilities to read and write Correct answer- providing treatment to people with mental disabilities The first legislation to convey specific rights to children with disabilities was Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 1973 (equal access to all programs/services funded by federal funds) Development Disabilities Act P.L. 94-142 Americans with Disabilities Act Correct answer- Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 1973 (equal access to all programs/services funded by federal funds) Segregated services for those with disabilities were prevalent in the 1900s primarily as a way to provide relief to families from care-giving demands prevent individuals with disabilities from disrupting activities in normalized environments control reproduction by those with serious disabilities provide quality services to individuals with disabilities Correct answer- prevent individuals with disabilities from disrupting activities in normalized environments The curriculum in the first day schools for those with disabilities include training in the manual arts largely because: research indicated that manual arts training was the most effective curriculum teachers of those classes began their careers in institutions where manual arts formed the curriculum it had been shown that children with disabilities were not capable of achieving literacy sale of products created by the students in their craft classes helped pay for the program costs Correct answer- teachers of those classes began their careers in institutions where manual arts formed the curriculum Diana vs. State Board of Education established the right to due process in special education placements true false Correct answer- False Mexican-American students in SPED 1970 based on IQ tests were actually racially biased The general education initiative suggests that the general education classroom is generally the best learning environment for all children, and that any required special education services should be delivered there. True False Correct answer- True Honig vs. Doe held that schools cannot discipline students with disabilities True False Correct answer- False- suspension or expulsion cannot be deemed if results of a disability The ARC and other groups were largely responsible for initiating the legal fight for the right to an education for all children with disabilities True False Correct answer- True Larry P. vs. Riles resulted in limits on the use of intelligence test as the sole indicator of mental retardation True False Correct answer- True Henry Goddard believed that .... mental retardation could be influenced by the environment with training, people with mental retardation could become effective members of society people with mental retardation are best served in community settings mental retardation was a hereditary condition Correct answer- mental retardation was a hereditary condition Brown vs Board of Education asserted that children with disabilities could not be educated separately True False Correct answer- False- 1954 education is the right of every child Asylums came into use in the 1700's and 1800's largely in order to: educate people with disabilities prepare people with disabilities to live productively in society provide vocal training for individuals with disabilities protect society from those with disabilities Correct answer- protect society from those with disabilities In general, civil rights for people with disabilities have been achieved by the following sequence of activities legislation, litigation, advocacy advocacy, legislation, litigation litigation, advocacy, legislation advocacy, litigation, legislation Correct answer- advocacy, litigation, legislation A disability is a disability, whether the person lived in the 1600's, the 1800's, or today True False Correct answer- False According to Board of Education vs. Rowley, schools must design IEPs to maximize the potential of all children, including those with disabilities. True False Correct answer- False- 1982 districts are responsible for due process The rapid and significant changes in services between were largely the result of .. the efforts of professional special educators rulings by court advocacy efforts by parents groups laws passed by Congress and state legislators Correct answer- advocacy efforts by parents groups task analysis is associated primarily with norm-reference test and is used for assessing desired outcome competencies true false Correct answer- false Norm-reference tests are used to determine if students have achieved mastery of specific skills in the curriculum True False Correct answer- False Norm- reference testing allows teachers to compare the performance of one child to typical children of the same age or grade. True False Correct answer- True Jeffrey, in the opening vignette in your text, was found not to be eligible for special education services despite the fact that he was having significant difficulty in school. The best explanation for such occurrences is that the test used were not sensitive to Jeffrey's particular problems. The system fails to correctly identify many students Disability definitions create arbitrary cut-off points on one or two characteristics His teacher was not a good judge of the range of normal performance Correct answer- Disability definitions create arbitrary cut-off points on one or two characteristics Idea 1997/2004 requires schools to do all of the following except .. Consider all the information, including that which is provided by parents Assess a child in the students native language Assess the student with respect to the general education curriculum Retest the child every three years to determine if services are still needed Correct answer- Retest the child every three years to determine if services are still needed Ms. Berger gives Thomas a subtraction test based on the skills he has been earning this week. She is seeking information about the effectiveness of the instructional approach she is using and to determine which skills might need more focus. She is engaging in.. Formative Evaluation Summative Evaluation Norm-Referenced assessment Classification Correct answer- Formative Evaluation (student power) Curriculum-based assessment and criterion-referenced testing are frequently used interchangeably and assess what a student has learned and can do. True Flase Correct answer- True IDEA 1997/2004 requires that all students, including those with disabilities, take the statewide and district-mandated tests taken by students in general education classes True False Correct answer- False The form of assessment that is LEAST apt to be related to a child's school curriculum/program Curriculum-based assessment Performance assessment Norm-referenced testing Portfolio assessment Correct answer- Norm-referenced testing A non-categorical service model places primary emphasis on The numbers of students to be served The strengths and deficits of each student The special skills of the staff in the school The number of students who move out of special education Correct answer- The strengths and deficits of each student IDEA 2004 allows schools to use Response to Intervention in determining if a student is eligible for special education services True False Correct answer- True The usefulness of norm- and criterion-referenced tests is directly related to the alignment of test items with the instructional activities engaged in by the students True False Correct answer- True Criterion- referenced tests yield scores that allow educators to compare one individual to another True False Correct answer- False Important considerations in designing appropriate classroom assessments include all of the following EXCEPT The test must correspond to the instruction the students have received The test is designed to assess the knowledge and skills, and not the area of disability The test must yield accurate information about what a learner knows and can do All students should take the test under the same conditions so that results can be compared Correct answer- All students should take the test under the same conditions so that results can be compared Norm-referenced tests are based on the premise that a generalized body of knowledge and skills exists, and that most children, regardless of where they live, will have been taught these concepts and skills true false Correct answer- true Test modifications should not affect the validity of the test as long as The modifications are to the test administration, not the content. It is noted on the student's records that the test was taken with modifications The modification only relates to time needed to take the test The teacher supervises the testing environment carefully Correct answer- The modifications are to the test administration, not the content. IDEA 1997/2004 requires the participation in state and district-wide testing programs by Those students who are placed in general education classes for part or all of a day All students with disabilities unless no part of the general education curriculum is deemed appropriate Students who are receiving instruction in mathematics and language arts, regardless of the setting Those students who require testing modifications to succeed Correct answer- All students with disabilities unless no part of the general education curriculum is deemed appropriate The multidisciplinary team is reviewing the referral and testing information on Alice. They are seeking to decide if she is eligible for special education services. This process is called Norm-referenced assessment Summative evaluation Formative evaluation Performance assessment Correct answer- Summative evaluation The most important indication that norm-reference testing programs may not be accurately determining which students actually have disabilities is that Students who receive failing grades in school may not be identified Students from culturally diverse backgrounds are identified as having disabilities at a higher expected rate Students can get the correct answer by guessing The number of identified students varies significantly from place to place Correct answer- Students from culturally diverse backgrounds are identified as having disabilities at a higher expected rate Norm-referenced tests are useful in providing information for use in program planning True False Correct answer- False Alternative curricula are appropriate when no portion of the general education curriculum is applicable to a particular student's needs True False Correct answer- True According to IDEA, each student with a disability must be provided with a program of individualized instruction. In this context, individualized instruction refers to Private tutoring Instruction by a special education teacher Instructional experiences selected to meet the student's needs Instruction that differs in significant ways from that which is generally provided and which involves the use of specialized materials Correct answer- Instructional experiences selected to meet the student's needs Instruction in cognitive learning strategies is particularly useful to learners with disabilities because They make the content to be learned explicit and clear They assist students in becoming independent learners They convey content area learning more effectively They help the teacher structure the content learning for easier learning Correct answer- They assist students in becoming independent learners Curriculum and individualized Education Programs (IEP) are terms that are frequently used interchangeably and have the same meaning when working with students with disabilities True False Correct answer- False The hidden curriculum results from the interaction of the formal written curriculum with the pedagogical practices and philosophies of the teacher True False Correct answer- True Which of the following is not NOT an example of a Universal Design for Learning action? Selecting a textbook that all students in the class can read Using only audiovisual media to present content so that non-readers are not disadvantaged Requiring all students to do a multiplication facts test each day until everyone in the class has demonstrated mastery Assessing the learning in the social studies class by allowing students to design a way to demonstrate what they learned Correct answer- Assessing the learning in the social studies class by allowing students to design a way to demonstrate what they learned IDEA 1997 requires that the general education curriculum must be used as the basis for planning an instructional program for students with disabilities True False Correct answer- True Inclusion reinforces our dual system of education True False Correct answer- False In discussing current debates about inclusion, Zigler, Hodapp, and Edison suggest that... The only relevant concern in educational planning should be the characteristics and needs of the individual student ¨Place" is a critical contextual variable, determining the quality of major outcomes with students Simply placing an individual in a normalized environment insures more adaptive outcomes Research indicates that inclusive settings confer clear benefit to most children Correct answer- The only relevant concern in educational planning should be the characteristics and needs of the individual student Honig v. Doe and IDEA 2004 hold that.. Students with disabilities may not be disciplined for their problem behaviors Students with dangerous behaviors may not be removed from school Schools may respond to serious behavior problems by reconvening the IEP team and redesigning the interventions an placement provided for the student Schools must wait for the team meeting before removing a dangerous student from the school grounds Correct answer- Schools may respond to serious behavior problems by reconvening the IEP team and redesigning the interventions an placement provided for the student If a problem behavior occurring in school is determined to be related to the students disability, the student must be allowed to remain in his/her current placement True False Correct answer- False The definition of mental retardation from differed from definitions before 1959 or after 1973 because it.. Included an adaptive behavior deficit criterion Focused on the etiology of the condition Raised the IQ criterion to one standard deviation below the mean Lowered the IQ criterion to two standard deviations below the mean Correct answer- Lowered the IQ criterion to two standard deviations below the mean The largest percentage of cases of mental retardation is identified During infancy Evenly across the age periods during the development period (0-18) In the preschool years In the elementary school years Correct answer- In the elementary school years One can expect that a person with moderate mental retardation will have significant functional deficits in all adaptive skill domains. True False Correct answer- True The effects of genetic conditions are permanent True False Correct answer- True The development of intelligence testing in France and the United States in the early 1900's lead to Widespread creation of special education classes Attempts to identify and isolate those with diminished mental abilities A resurgence in research into cures for mental retardation No effect due to the cost of such testing Correct answer- Attempts to identify and isolate those with diminished mental abilities The work of Mercer and Edgerton focused on the ____ perspective on mental retardation Sociological Psychological Ecological Academic Correct answer- Psychological Development disability is an alternative term appropriate for use in cases of borderline or mild mental retardation True False Correct answer- False The term ¨developmental delay¨ may be used as classification when The parents refuse to accept the classification of mental retardation A child 0-9 requires intervention for significant delays in one or more functional areas The retardation is from biological cause The retardation is in the mild range Correct answer- A child 0-9 requires intervention for significant delays in one or more functional areas Prematurity presents risks for developing mental retardation True False Correct answer- True Students with mental retardation experience considerable failure in school, frequently resulting in all of the following EXCEPT Expectancy of failure Reliance on external sources of control Lessened sense of personal responsibility and competence Learned competence Correct answer- Learned competence Changeability is a more important issue that heritability in considering causes of retardation. True False Correct answer- False Most students with mental retardation have distinctive physical signs of their condition True False Correct answer- False In about 75% of all cases of mental retardation There is an identifiable biological condition associated with the retardation Down syndrome is present The cause appears to be related to a complex interaction of various environmental factors The condition is severe in its impact of the individual's ability to function, and the outlook for independence is not favorable Correct answer- The cause appears to be related to a complex interaction of various environmental factors Prevalence estimates for mental retardation assume that 2-3% of the population is likely to have deficits in intellectual functioning coupled with adaptive behavior True False Correct answer- True Physical characteristics among individuals with mental retardation are characterized as Resulting in smaller stature Being extremely variable Displaying significant motoric immaturity Presenting serious health risks Correct answer- Being extremely variable Most cases of mental retardation have an organic or biological cause True False Correct answer- False A student with an IQ below 70 who nevertheless exhibits age appropriate skills and behaviors in everyday environments should Be placed in a special class Be classified as having mental retardation based on the IQ score Not be classified as having mental retardation at this time Be classified as having mental retardation, but placed in a general education classroom Correct answer- Not be classified as having mental retardation at this time A student with a learning disability may also have which of the following disabilities? Mental retardation Emotional disturbance Speech impairment Hearing impairment Correct answer- Speech impairment The largest number of students with disabilities have learning disabilities true false Correct answer- true Kirk proposed that learning disabilities can be divided into two groups: Academic and developmental Reading and mathematics Academic and social Psychological and language-related Correct answer- Academic and developmental Although it cannot currently be readily assessed, most definitions of learning disabilities presume that the disorder is related to Underachievement Language disorders Central nervous system dysfunction Low levels of intellectual functioning Correct answer- Central nervous system dysfunction Which of the following criteria was added by IDEA 2004 to procedures that may be used to identify learning disabilities? Ability-achievement Neurological functioning procedures Response too intervention Perceptual assessment Correct answer- Response too intervention Documented brain injury is one criterion for identifying a child as having a learning disability True False Correct answer- True Learning disabilities are now presumed to persist throughout life, although effective remediation can improve the ability to function True False Correct answer- True Students with learning disabilities can be identified by the fact that they reverse letters, numbers, and words True False Correct answer- True The source of a learning disability is presumed to lie in the way the brain processes information True False Correct answer- True Determining that a child has a learning disability provides clear guidance for designing remedial interventions True False Correct answer- False What percentage of children receiving special education services in the United States are classified as having learning disabilities? 20% 50% 90% 5% Correct answer- 50% Research concerning individuals we now identify as having learning disabilities was initially conducted by: Psychologists Physicians Educators Parents Correct answer- Psychologists According to IDEA 2004, which of the following is NOT required to determine if a child has a learning disability? Assessing the child's ability to learn Evaluating academic functioning in a variety of academic areas Determining is child has had the opportunity to learn Evaluating the discrepancy between the ability and achievement measures Correct answer- Evaluating the discrepancy between the ability and achievement measures The IDEA definition of learning disabilities does not currently include disabilities in Language functioning Mathematics Reading Social skills Correct answer- Social skills Learning disabilities may lead to the student having problems with social adjustment and demonstration of social skills True False Correct answer- True Which of the following criteria is included in the IDEA definitions of learning disabilities? Exclusion and underachievement Severe deficits in mathematics and reading Evidence of brain injury Underachievement and low levels of intelligence Correct answer- Exclusion and underachievement IDEA 2004 now specifies how schools should determine if a student has a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement, thereby meeting one of the criteria for identification as a child with a learning disability True False Correct answer- False Most students with learning disabilities are identified during The period when they learn to talk The elementary grades Secondary school Identification evenly spread over the various age periods Correct answer- The elementary grades Educators and psychologists are in agreement on what constitutes a learning disability True False Correct answer- False Students with learning disabilities are heterogeneous True False Correct answer- True The federal government estimates that ___% of all students may have emotional or behavioral disorders, accompanied by academic problems sever enough to require intervention less than 1% 2-3% 7-8% 10% Correct answer- 2-3% In Honig vs Doe, the courts ruled that when students with emotional disturbances are involved: Decisions about suspension/expulsion actions must be reviewed by the multidisciplinary team to determine the relationship (if any) to the disability and to evaluate plan Schools may not use suspension as a disciplinary tool Schools may not enforce the conduct code that applies to all other students Students may not be removed from school settings, even when they present a danger to themselves or others Correct answer- Decisions about suspension/expulsion actions must be reviewed by the multidisciplinary team to determine the relationship (if any) to the disability and to evaluate plan The identification of students with emotional disturbance under IDEA criteria is restricted with those with serious levels of impairment True False Correct answer- True The text discusses the issues surrounding culturally normative behaviors and concludes that students from diverse cultural backgrounds Have emotional disturbances since they display variant behaviors Do not have emotional disturbances because their behaviors are related to their culture Should not receive special education services for emotional disturbance May or may not have an emotional disturbance but may need assisstance Correct answer- May or may not have an emotional disturbance but may need assisstance Response to intervention can severe as a diagnostic indicator True False Correct answer- True It appears that learners from diverse cultural groups are often misclassified as having emotional disturbance True False Correct answer- True The definition of emotional behavioral disorders proposed by the Mental Health and Special Education Coalition includes all of the following EXCEPT Exclusion of conditions resulting from social maladjustment Evaluating of behaviors in the context of age and ethnic norms Possibility that emotional disorders may co-exist with other disabilities The requirement that the problem behaviors are exhibited in at least two settings Correct answer- Exclusion of conditions resulting from social maladjustment Determination of eligibility for services as a student with an emotional disturbance has been shown to be uniformly implemented regardless of where a student lives True False Correct answer- False Eli Bower's definition of emotional handicaps included which of the following elements? Behavior that is the result of social maladjustment is excluded The problem behavior must be shown to be affecting educational performance Problem behavior must be exhibited to a marked degree and for a prolonged period of time Bower's definition addressed severe emotional handicaps only Correct answer- Problem behavior must be exhibited to a marked degree and for a prolonged period of time The number of students identified with emotional disturbance has risen significantly in the last 10 years True False Correct answer- False The most defensible justification for using behavior rating scales such as the Walker Problem Behavior Checklist includes which of the following They provide an objective determination of the nature of a child's problem behavior They yield a norm-referenced score that is required to determine that the behavior of a particular child is significantly different from the norm They provide information about the informant's perceptions of the behavior problems IDEA requires the use of such instruments in the diagnostic and classification process Correct answer- They provide information about the informant's perceptions of the behavior problems Emotional behavioral disorders vary in severity along a continuum, ranging from mild to severe True False Correct answer- True The definition for emotional disorders proposed by Eli Bower contained the exclusion of children whose behavior problems resulted from social maladjustment True False Correct answer- False According to federal child count data,the prevalence of students with emotional disturbance is highest in which age group During the preschool years In the elementary grades During adolescence The prevalence is equality distributed across all ages Correct answer- During adolescence Critics of the current IDEA definition of emotional disturbance have criticized it because of its Overly precise terminology Exclusion of social maladjustment Exact assessment requirements Attention to cultural differences Correct answer- Exclusion of social maladjustment The most critical issue in determining if a particular behavioral pattern is problematic in the context in which the behavior occurs True False Correct answer- True Children whose behavior problems are related to their cultural background do not need services and should not be identified True False Correct answer- True The causes of emotional or behavioral disorders Are traceable to biological factors intrinsic to the individual Are believed to be a result of complex interaction among various environmental factors Derive primarily from problems within the family and from actions of parents Relate to the problematic images commonly available in the media, with particular concerns about the levels of violence and sexuality Correct answer- Are believed to be a result of complex interaction among various environmental factors