Peds- ATI Practice Exam A

A nurse is assessing a 4-year-old child at a well-child visit. Which of the following developmental milestones should the nurse expect to observe? Correct answer- Cuts an outlined shape using scissors. Rationale: The nurse should recognize that an expected developmental milestone of a 4-year-old child is using scissors to cut out a shape. A nurse in an urgent care clinic is assessing an adolescent who has an upper respiratory tract infection. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a manifestation of pertussis? Correct answer- Dry, hacking cough Rationale: The nurse should identify that a dry, hacking cough is a manifestation of pertussis. This disease usually begins with indications of an upper respiratory tract infection, which includes a dry, hacking cough that is sometimes more severe at night. A nurse is caring for a school-age child who is receiving a blood transfusion. Which of the following manifestations should alert the nurse to a possible hemolytic transfusion reaction? Correct answer- Flank pain Rationale: The nurse should recognize that flank pain is caused by the breakdown of RBCs and is an indication of a hemolytic reaction to the blood transfusion. A nurse is caring for a school-age child who is receiving cefazolin via intermittent IV bolus. The child suddenly develops diffuse flushing of the skin and angioedema. After discontinuing the medication infusion, which of the following medications should the nurse administer first? Correct answer- Epinephrine Rationale: This child is most likely experiencing an anaphylactic reaction to the cefazolin. According to evidence-based practice, the nurse should first administer epinephrine to treat the anaphylaxis. Epinephrine is a beta adrenergic agonist that stimulates the heart, causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin and mucous membranes, and triggers bronchodilation in the lungs. A nurse is teaching the guardian of a 6-month-old infant about car seat use. Which of the following statements by the guardian indicates an understanding of the teaching? Correct answer- "I should secure the car seat using lower anchors and tethers instead of the seat belt." Rationale: Lower anchors and tethers, or the LATCH child safety seat system, should be used to secure an infant's car seat in the vehicle. This system provides anchors between the front cushion and the back rest for the car seat. Therefore, if this system is available, the seat belt does not have to be used. A nurse is planning care for a toddler who has a serum lead level of 4 mcg/dL. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? Correct answer- Schedule the toddler for a yearly rescreening. Rationale: The nurse should schedule the toddler for a lead level rescreening in 1 year and educate the family on ways to prevent exposure. A nurse is caring for a toddler who has spastic (pyramidal) cerebral palsy. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.) Correct answer- -Ankle clonus -Exaggerated stretch reflexes -Contractures A nurse is assessing a school-age child immediately following a perforated appendix repair. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? Correct answer- Absence of peristalsis Rationale: The nurse should expect absence of peristalsis immediately following a perforated appendix repair, until the bowel resumes functioning. A nurse is planning care for a school-age child who is in the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury (AKI) and has a sodium level of 129 mEq/L. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan? Correct answer- Initiate seizure precautions for the child. Rationale: A sodium level of 129 mEq/L indicates hyponatremia and places the child at increased risk for neurological deficits and seizure activity. The nurse should complete a neurologic assessment and implement seizure precautions to maintain the child's safety. A nurse is teaching the parent of an infant who has a Pavlik harness for the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip. The nurse should identify that which of the following statements by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? Correct answer- "I will place my infant's diapers under the harness straps." Rationale: To prevent soiling of the harness, the parent should apply the infant's diaper under the straps. A nurse is reviewing the laboratory report of a school-age child who is experiencing fatigue. Which of the following findings should the nurse recognize as an indication of anemia? Correct answer- Hematocrit 28% Rationale: The nurse should recognize that this hematocrit level is below the expected reference range of 32% to 44% for a school-age child. The child can exhibit fatigue, lightheadedness, tachycardia, dyspnea, and pallor due to the decreased oxygen-carrying capacity. A nurse is assessing a 4-year-old child at a well-child visit. Which of the following developmental milestones should the nurse expect to observe? Correct answer- Cuts an outlined shape using scissors. Rationale: The nurse should recognize that an expected developmental milestone of a 4-year-old child is using scissors to cut out a shape. A nurse is caring for a preschooler who is scheduled for hydrotherapy treatment for wound debridement following a burn injury. Which of the following actions should the nurse take prior to the procedure? Correct answer- Administer an analgesic to the child. Rationale: Hydrotherapy for debridement of a wound is an extremely painful procedure which requires analgesia and/or sedation. When pain is controlled, it leads to reduced physiological demands on the body caused by stress and decreases the likelihood of children developing depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. A nurse is creating a plan of care for a school-age child who has heart disease and has developed heart failure. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan? Correct answer- Provide small, frequent meals for the child. Rationale: The metabolic rate of a child who has heart failure is high because of poor cardiac function. Therefore, the nurse should provide small, frequent meals for the child because it helps to conserve energy. A nurse is teaching the parents of a school-age child who has a new diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the tibia. The nurse should identify that which of the following statements by the parents indicates an understanding of the teaching? Correct answer- "My child will receive antibiotics for several weeks." Rationale: The nurse should instruct the parent that the child will receive antibiotic therapy for at least 4 weeks. Surgery might be indicated if the antibiotics are not successful. A nurse is providing teaching to the parent of an infant who has diaper dermatitis. The nurse should instruct the parent to apply which of the following to the affected area? Correct answer- Zinc oxide Rationale: Diaper dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disorder caused by contact with an irritant such as urine, feces, soap, or friction, and takes the form of scaling, blisters, or papules with erythema. Providing a protective barrier, such as zinc oxide, against the irritants allows the skin to heal. A school nurse is assessing an adolescent who has scoliosis. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? Correct answer- A unilateral rib hump Rationale: When assessing an adolescent for scoliosis, the school nurse should expect to see a unilateral rib hump with hip flexion. This results from a lateral S- or C-shaped curvature to the thoracic spine resulting in asymmetry of the ribs, shoulders, hips, or pelvis. Scoliosis can be the result of a neuromuscular or connective tissue disorder, or it can be congenital in nature. A nurse is reviewing the laboratory report of an infant who is receiving treatment for severe dehydration. The nurse should identify that which of the following laboratory values indicates effectiveness of the current treatment? Correct answer- Sodium 140 mEq/L Rationale: The nurse should identify that a sodium level of 140 mEq/L is within the expected reference range of 134 to 150 mEq/L and indicates the current treatment regimen the infant is receiving for dehydration is effective. A hospice nurse is caring for a preschooler who has a terminal illness. The father tells the nurse that he cannot cope anymore and has decided to move out of the house. Which of the following statements should the nurse make? Correct answer- "Let's talk about some of the ways you have handled previous stressors in your life." Rationale: This statement offers a general lead to allow the parent to express their feelings and previous actions when faced with stressful situations. It also helps the parent to focus on ways that they can cope with the current situation. A school nurse is preparing to administer atomoxetine 1.2 mg/kg/day PO to a school aged child who weights 75 lbs. Available is atomoxetine 40 mg/capsule. How many capsules should the nurse administer per day? Correct answer- 1 capsule A nurse is caring for a school-age child who is receiving chemotherapy and is severely immunocompromised. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Correct answer- Screen the child's visitors for indications of infection. Rationale: A child who is severely immunocompromised is unable to adequately respond to infectious organisms, resulting in the potential for overwhelming infection. Therefore, the nurse should screen the child's visitors for indications of infection. A nurse is caring for a 15 year-old client following a head injury. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication that the child is developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)? Correct answer- Mental confusion Rationale: A child who has a head injury can develop SIADH as a result of altered pituitary function, leading to an oversecretion of antidiuretic hormone. Oversecretion of antidiuretic hormone leads to a decrease in urine output, hyponatremia, and hypoosmolality due to overhydration. As the hyponatremia becomes more severe, mental confusion and other neurologic manifestations such as seizures can occur. A nurse in a provider's office if preparing to administer immunizations to a toddler during a well-child visit. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? Correct answer- Withhold the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Rationale: The nurse should recognize that an allergy to neomycin with an anaphylactic reaction is a contraindication for receiving the MMR vaccine. Clients who have a severe allergy to eggs or gelatin should not receive this vaccine. A nurse is preparing to administer an immunization to a 4-year-old child. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? Correct answer- Administer the immunization using a 24-gauge needle. Rationale: The nurse should administer an immunization for a 4-year-old child using a 22- to 25- gauge needle to minimize the amount of pain the child experiences. A nurse is assessing a toddler who has gastroenteritis and is exhibiting manifestations of dehydration. Which of the following findings is the nurses priority? Correct answer- Tachypnea Rationale: When using the airway, breathing, and circulation approach to client care, the nurse's priority finding is the toddler's tachypnea. Tachypnea is a result of the kidneys being unable to excrete hydrogen ions and produce bicarbonate, which leads to metabolic acidosis. The nurse is interviewing the parent of an 18-month-old toddler during a well-child visit. The nurse should identify that which of the following findings indicates a need to assess the toddler for hearing loss? Correct answer- The toddler received tobramycin during a hospitalization 2 weeks ago. Rationale: The nurse should identify tobramycin as an aminoglycoside, which is an ototoxic medication that can cause mild to moderate hearing loss, and should assess the toddler for a hearing impairment. A charge nurse in an emergency department is preparing an in-service for a group of newly licensed nurses on the clinical manifestations of child maltreatment. Which of the following manifestations should the charge nurse include as suggestive of potential physical abuse? Correct answer- Symmetric burns of the lower extremities Rationale: The nurse should include that symmetric burns to the lower extremities can indicate physical abuse. The patterns are usually characteristic of the method or object used, such as cigar or cigarette burns, or burns in the shape of an iron. The nurse is caring for a preschooler who has been receiving IV fluids via a peripheral IV catheter. When preparing to discontinue the IV fluids and catheter, which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? Correct answer- First, the nurse should turn off the IV pump. Next, the nurse should occlude the IV tubing, and then remove the tape securing the catheter. Last, the nurse should apply pressure over the catheter insertion site. A nurse is assessing a 3-year-old toddler at a well-child visit. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse report to the provider? Correct answer- Respiratory rate 45/min Rationale: The nurse should identify that a respiratory rate of 45/min is above the expected reference range of 20 to 25/min for a 3-year-old toddler and can indicate respiratory dysfunction and acute respiratory distress. Therefore, the nurse should report this finding to the provider. A nurse is caring for an infant who has respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Which of the following actions should the nurse implement for infection control? Correct answer- Have a designated stethoscope in the infant's room. Rationale: The nurse should initiate droplet precautions for an infant who has RSV because the virus is spread by direct contact with respiratory secretions. Therefore, designated equipment, such as a blood pressure cuff and a stethoscope, should be placed in the infant's room. A nurse is assessing a school-age child who has meningitis. Which of the following findings is the priority for the nurse to report to the provider? Correct answer- Petechiae on the lower extremities Rationale: The presence of a petechial or purpuric rash on a child who is ill can indicate the presence of meningococcemia. This type of rash indicates the greatest risk of serious rapid complications from sepsis and should be reported immediately to the provider. A nurse in the emergency department is caring for a toddler who has a partial thickness burns on their right arm. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Correct answer- Cleanse the affected area with mild soap and water. Rationale: The nurse should wash the affected area with mild soap and water to remove any loose tissue that could cause infection. A nurse is preparing an adolescent for a lumbar puncture. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Correct answer- Apply topical analgesic cream to the site 1 hr prior to the procedure. Rationale: The nurse should apply a topical analgesic to the lumbar site 1 hr prior to the procedure to decrease the adolescent's pain while the lumbar needle is inserted. A nurse in an emergency department is performing an admission assessment on a 2 week-old male newborn. Which of the following findings is the priority for the nurse to report to the provider? Correct answer- Substernal retractions Rationale: When using the airway, breathing, and circulation approach to client care, the nurse should determine that the priority finding to report to the provider is substernal retractions. This finding indicates the newborn is experiencing increased respiratory effort, which could quickly progress to respiratory failure. A nurse is assessing an infant who has a ventricular septal defect. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? Correct answer- Loud, harsh murmur Rationale: The nurse should expect to hear a loud, harsh murmur with a ventricular septal defect due to the left-to-right shunting of blood, which contributes to hypertrophy of the infant's heart muscle. A nurse is reviewing the lumbar puncture results of a school-age child suspected of having bacterial meningitis. Which of the following results should the nurse identify as a finding associated with bacterial meningitis? Correct answer- Increased protein concentration Rationale: The nurse should identify that an increased protein concentration in the spinal fluid is a finding that can indicate bacterial meningitis. A nurse is preparing to collect a sample from a toddler for a sickle-turbidity test. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? Correct answer- Perform a finger stick. Rationale: The nurse should perform a finger stick on a toddler as a component of the sickle-turbidity test. If the test is positive, hemoglobin electrophoresis is required to distinguish between children who have the genetic trait and children who have the disease. A nurse in an emergency department is caring for a school-age child who is experiencing an anaphylactic reaction. Which of the following is the priority action by the nurse? Correct answer- Administer epinephrine IM to the child. Rationale: When using the urgent vs. nonurgent approach to client care, the nurse should determine that the priority action is administering epinephrine IM to the child. During an anaphylactic reaction, histamine release causes bronchoconstriction and vasodilation. This is an emergency because ultimately this causes decreased blood return to the heart. A nurse is receiving change-of-shift report on four children. Which of the following children should the nurse see first? Correct answer- A school-age child who has sickle cell anemia and reports decreased vision in the left eye. Rationale: When using the urgent vs. nonurgent approach to client care, the nurse should determine the priority finding is a report of decreased vision in the left eye. This finding indicates that the child is experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis and should be reported to the provider immediately. Therefore, the nurse should see this child first. A nurse is caring for a school-age child who has experienced a tonic-clonic seizure. Which of the following actions should the nurse take during the immediate postictal period? Correct answer- Place the child in a side-lying position. Rationale: The nurse should place the child in a side-lying position to prevent aspiration. A nurse is teaching the parent of a preschooler about ways to prevent acute asthma attacks. Which of the following statements by the parent indicates an understanding of the teaching? Correct answer- "I should keep my child indoors when I mow the yard." Rationale: The nurse should instruct the parent to keep the preschooler indoors during lawn maintenance or when the pollen count is increased. Guarding against exposure to known allergens found outdoors, such as grass, tree, and weed pollen, will decrease the frequency of the preschooler's asthma attacks. A nurse is caring for a preschooler whose father is going home for a few hours while another relative stays with the child. Which of the following statements should the nurse make to explain to the child when their father will return? Correct answer- "Your daddy will be back after you eat." Rationale: Preschoolers make sense of time best when they can associate it with an expected daily routine, such as meals and bedtime. Therefore, the child comprehends time best when it is explained to them in relation to an event they are familiar with, such as eating. A nurse is admitting a school-age child who has Pertussis. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Correct answer- Initiate droplet precautions for the child. Rationale: The nurse should initiate droplet precautions for a child who has pertussis, also known as whooping cough. Pertussis is transmitted through contact with infected large-droplet nuclei that are suspended in the air when the child coughs, sneezes, or talks. A nurse in an emergency department is caring for a school-age child who has appendicitis and rates their abdominal pain as 7 on a scale of 0 to 10. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Correct answer- Give morphine 0.05mg/kg IV Rationale: A pain level of 7 on a scale of 0 to 10 is considered severe. The nurse should administer an analgesic medication for pain relief. A nurse is caring for an adolescent who received a kidney transplant. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication the adolescent is rejecting the kidney? Correct answer- Serum creatinine 3.0 mg/dL Rationale: Creatinine is a byproduct of protein metabolism and is excreted from the body through the kidneys. An elevated serum creatinine level, therefore, can be an indication that the kidneys are not functioning. The nurse should identify that the adolescent's serum creatinine level is higher than the expected reference range of 0.4 to 1.0 mg/dL for an adolescent and can indicate rejection of the kidney. A nurse is proving dietary teaching to the parent of a school-age child who has celiac disease. The nurse should recommend that the parent offer which of the following foods to the child? Correct answer- White rice Rationale: The nurse should recommend that the parent offer white rice to the child because it is a gluten-free food. The nurse should instruct the parent that the child will remain on a lifelong gluten-free diet and the child should not consume oats, rye, barley, or wheat, and sometimes lactose deficiency can be secondary to this disease. A nurse is caring for a 15 year-old client who is married and is scheduled for a surgical procedure. The client asks, "who should sign my surgical consent?" Which of the following responses should the nurse make? Correct answer- "You can sign the consent form because you are married." Rationale: The nurse should inform the adolescent that marriage gives adolescents the legal right to consent to surgical procedures and sign other legal documents that they would not otherwise be able to sign due to their age. The nurse is providing discharge teaching to the parent of a child who is 1 week postoperative following a cleft palate repair. For which of the following members of the inter professional team should the nurse initiate a referral? Correct answer- Speech therapist Rationale: The nurse should initiate a referral for a speech therapist for a child who is postoperative following a cleft palate repair. A child who has a cleft palate will require speech therapy immediately following the repair to support speech development and future articulation. A nurse is reviewing the laboratory report of a 7 year-old child who is receiving chemotherapy. Which of the following lab values should the nurse report to the provider? Correct answer- Hgb 8.5 g/dL Rationale: A child receiving chemotherapy is at risk for anemia due to the chemotherapy effects on the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. The development of anemia is diagnosed through laboratory testing of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. The nurse should recognize that a hemoglobin level of 8.5 g/dL is below the expected reference range of 10 to 15.5 g/dL for a 7-year-old child and should be reported to the provider. A nurse is providing teaching about social development to the parents of a preschooler. Which of the following play activities should the nurse recommend for the child? Correct answer- Playing dress-up Rationale: The nurse should instruct the parents that at the preschool age, play should focus on social, mental, and physical development. Therefore, playing dress-up is a recommended play activity for this child. A nurse is auscultating the lungs of an adolescent who has asthma. The nurse should identify the sound as which of the following? Correct answer- Tachypnea Rationale: The nurse should identify the sound heard during auscultation as tachypnea, which is a rapid, regular breathing pattern. This breathing pattern often occurs with anxiety, fever, metabolic acidosis, or severe anemia. A nurse is teaching the parent of an infant about ways to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? Correct answer- "Give the infant a pacifier at bedtime." Rationale: The nurse should inform the parent that protective factors against SIDS include breastfeeding and the use of a pacifier when the infant is sleeping. A nurse is providing teaching to the parent of a school-age child who has a new prescription for oral nystatin for the treatment of oral candidiasis. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? Correct answer- "Shake the medication prior to administration." Rationale: The nurse should instruct the parent to shake the medication prior to administration to disperse the medication evenly within the suspension. A nurse is caring for a school-age child who in in Buck's traction following a leg fracture 24 hr ago. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Correct answer- Assess peripheral pulses once every 4 hr. Rationale: Buck's traction is a type of skin traction that can be used to immobilize extremities prior to surgery. The nurse should provide frequent neurovascular checks at least every 4 hr after the first 24 hr of placement in Buck's traction. The nurse should monitor and report signs of neurovascular impairment in the extremities such as cyanosis, edema, pain, absent pulses, and tingling. A nurse is assessing the vital signs of a 10-year-old child following a burn injury. The nurse should identify that which of the following findings in an indication of early septic shock? Correct answer- Temperature 39.1° C (102.4° F) Rationale: The nurse should identify that a temperature of 39.1° C (102.4° F) is above the expected reference range of 37° to 37.5° C (98.6° to 99.5° F) for a 10-year-old child. The nurse should expect a child who has early septic shock to have a fever and chills. A nurse is caring for a toddler who is experiencing acute diarrhea and has moderate dehydration. Which of the following nutritional items should the nurse offer to the toddler? Correct answer- Oral rehydration solution Rationale: A toddler who has acute diarrhea should consume an oral rehydration solution to replace electrolytes and water by promoting the reabsorption of water and sodium. This promotes recovery from dehydration. A nurse in an emergency department is caring for an adolescent who has severe abdominal pain due to appendicitis. Which of the following locations should the nurse identify as McBurney's point? Correct answer- A. (RLQ) The nurse should identify this area of the client's abdomen as McBurney's point. This area of the right lower quadrant located about two-thirds of the way between the umbilicus and the client's anterosuperior iliac spine is the area where a client who has appendicitis is most likely to report pain and tenderness. A school nurse is assessing an adolescent who has multiple burns in various stages of healing. Which of the following behaviors should the nurse identify as a possible indication of physical abuse? Correct answer- Denies discomfort during assessment of injuries. Rationale: The nurse should suspect child maltreatment in the form of physical abuse if the adolescent has a blunted response to painful stimuli or injury. A nurse is teaching a school-age child who has a new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following statements by the child indicates an understanding of the teaching? Correct answer- "I will give myself a shot of regular insulin 30 minutes before I eat breakfast." Rationale: The child should administer regular insulin 30 min before meals so that the onset coincides with food intake. A nurse is creating a plan of care for an infant who has an epidural hematoma from a head injury. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan? Correct answer- Implement seizure precautions for the infant. Rationale: An infant who has an epidural hematoma is at great risk for seizure activity. Therefore, the nurse should implement seizure precautions for the child. The nurse is assessing a school-age child who has peritonitis. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? Correct answer- Abdominal distension Rationale: The nurse should identify that abdominal distention is an expected finding of peritonitis. Peritonitis is an inflammation of the lining of the abdominal wall. This inflammation in the abdomen, along with the ileus that develops, causes abdominal distention. Other manifestations include chills, irritability, and restlessness.