Final Exam Study Guide AP III
I I I I I
Essay questions to know
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• What are innate and adaptive immune systems, how they work and how
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they interact.
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Adaptive Iimmunity Iis Ithe Iability Iof Ithe Ibody Ito Idefend Iitself Iagainst Ispecific Iinvading Iagents
▪ Antigens Iare Isubstances Irecognized Ias Iforeign Ithat Iprovoke Iimmune Iresponses
IAdaptive Iimmunity Ihas Iboth Ispecificity Iand Imemory Iand Iis Idivided Iinto I2 Itypes
1 Cell-mediated
2 Antibody-mediated
IIn Icell-mediated Iimmunity:
▪ An Iantigen Iis Irecognized Iand Ibound
▪ A Ismall Inumber Iof IT Icells Iproliferate Iand Idifferentiate Iinto Ia Iclone Iof Ieffector Icells
▪ The Iantigen Iis Ieliminated
IIn Iantibody-mediated Iimmunity:
▪ An Iantigen Iis Irecognized Iand Ibound
▪ Helper IT Icells Icostimulate Ithe IB Icell Iso Ithe IB Icell Ican Iproliferate Iand Idifferentiate Iinto Ia
Iclone Iof Ieffector Icells Ithat Iproduce Iantibodies
▪ The Iantigen Iis Ieliminated
Innate Iimmunity Irefers Ito Ia Ivariety Iof Ibody Iresponses Ithat Iserve Ito Iprotect Ius Iagainst Iinvasion Iof Ia Iwide
Ivariety Iof Ipathogens Iand Itheir Itoxins.
▪ We Iare Iborn Iwith Ithis Ikind Iof Iimmunity
▪ Two Ilines Iof Idefense: INonspecific Idisease Iresistance Ifight Ia Iwide Ivariety Iof Iinvaders.
st
I1 : ISkin Iand Imucous Imembranes: Ibarriers, Iantimicrobial Isubstances
2nd: IInternal Idefenses I(cellular Idefenses), Iinflammation, Iand Ifever
• Describe the anatomy and functions of the spleen.
I I I I I I I
a. The Ispleen Iis Ithe Ilargest Isingle Imass Iof Ilymphatic Itissue Iin Ithe Ibody.
It Iis Ifound Iin Ithe Ileft Ihypochondriac Iregion Ibetween Istomach Iand Ithe
I
I diaphragm. IIt Iis Icomposed Iof Iwhite Ipulp Iand Ired Ipulp. IRed Ipulp Ifilters
blood Iand Igets Irid Iof Iold Ior Idamaged Iblood Icells. IWhite Ipulp Iconsists
I
of Iimmune Icells Iand Ihelps Ifight Iinfection. IThe Ispleen Iacts Ias Ia Iblood
I
filter, Iif Iit Idetects Ibad Ibacteria, Iviruses Iin Ithe Iblood, Iit Iand Ithe Ilymph
I
I nodes Icreate Ilymphocytes Iwhich Iact Ias Idefenders.
, • What is ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration. What
I I I I I I I I
are their functions and Location.
I I I I I
• 1. I Pulmonary I ventilation, I or I breathing, I is I the I movement I of I air
I betweenIthe I atmosphere I and I the Ilungs I that I occurs I when I we I inhale I and
I exhale
• 2. I External I respiration I is I the I movement I of I oxygen I from I the I alveoli I into
pulmonary I capillaries Iand I carbon I dioxide I from I pulmonary I capillaries I to I the
Ialveoli.
• 3. I Internal I respiration I is I the I movement I of I oxygen I from I capillaries
I intoIbody Icells Iand Icarbon Idioxide Ifrom Ibody Icells Iinto Icapillaries.
Neural control of ventilation including brain centers, sensory and motor signals.
I I I I I I I I I I
Respiratory Icenter- INeurons Iin Ithe Ipons Iand Imedulla Ioblongata Iof Ithe Ibrain Istem Ithat Iregulate
Ibreathing. I It Iis Idivided Iinto Ithe Imedullary Irespiratory Icenter Iand Ithe Ipontine Irespiratory Icenter.
Within Ithe Imedullary Irespiratory Icenter, Iyou Ifind Itwo Irespiratory Igroups, Ithe Iventral Irespiratory Igroup
I(AKA Iexpiratory Iarea) Iand Ithe Idorsal Irespiratory Igroup I(AKA Iinspiratory Iarea). IThe IDRG Igenerates
Iimpulses Ito Ithe Idiaphragm Ivia Ithe Iphrenic Inerves Iand Ithe Iexternal Iintercostals Ivia Ithe Iintercostal Inerves.
IThese Iimpulses Itrigger Icontraction Iof Ithese Imuscles Iwhich Iin Iturn Iexecute Iinhalation. IWhen Ithe Inerves
Iare Inot Ifiring, Ithis Ipassive Irelaxation Iallows Irecoil Iof Ithe Ilungs Iand Ithoracic Iwall, Ipassive Iexhalation. IThe
IVRG Iis Ionly Iactivated Iduring Iforceful Iinhalation Iand Itrigger Ithe Iaccessory Imuscles Ito Iwork. IAn Iimportant
Ipart Iof Ithe IVRG Iis Ithe IPre-Botzinger IComplex Iwhich Iis Ibelieved Ito Ibe Iimportant Iin Ithe Igeneration Iof Ithe
Irhythm Iof Ibreathing I(Pacemaker Icells)
Medulla Ioblongata Ireceives Isignals I& Iincreases Iventilation; Ipons Icontrols Irate Iof
Ii nvoluntary Irespiration; Imotor Icortex; Irespiratory Ichemoreceptors
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. How does
I I I I I I I I I I I I
loading/unloading of these gases take place in the lungs vs. tissues.
I I I I I I I I I I I
• Dissolved Iin Iplasma I(1.5%) I(= Iblood IPO2)
Remember, IO2 Iis Inot Ivery Isoluble Iin Iblood!
2. IBound Ito Ihemoglobin Iin IRBCs I(98.5%)
• The Ifinal Istep Iin Ithe Iexchange Iof Igases Ibetween Ithe Iexternal Ienvironment Iand Ithe Itissues Iis Ithe
Itransport Iof Ioxygen Iand Icarbon Idioxide Ito Iand Ifrom Ithe Ilung Iby Ithe Iblood. IOxygen Iis Icarried
Iboth Iphysically Idissolved Iin Ithe Iblood Iand Ichemically Icombined Ito Ihemoglobin. ICarbon Idioxide
Iis Icarried Iphysically Idissolved Iin Ithe Iblood, Ichemically Icombined Ito Iblood Iproteins Ias Icarbamino
Icompounds, Iand Ias Ibicarbonate.
• Oxygen Iis Itransported Iboth Iphysically Idissolved Iin Iblood Iand Ichemically Icombined Ito Ithe
Ihemoglobin Iin Ithe Ierythrocytes. IMuch Imore Ioxygen Iis Inormally Itransported Icombined Iwith
Ihemoglobin Ithan Iis Iphysically Idissolved Iin Ithe Iblood. IWithout Ihemoglobin, Ithe Icardiovascular
Isystem Icould Inot Isupply Isufficient Ioxygen Ito Imeet Itissue Idemands.
, • Oxygen Iis Iloaded Iin Iblood Iin Ithe Ipulmonary Icapillaries Iwhere Ithe Ioxygen Itension Iis I100 Imm IHg
Ias Ia Iresult Iof Ialveolar Iventilation. IOxygen Iis Iunloaded Ifrom Ithe Iblood Iin Ithe Iperipheral Itissues
Iwhere Ithe Ioxygen Itension Iis Iroughly I40 Imm IHg Ias Ia Iresult Iof Iperipheral Itissue Ioxygen
Iconsumption.
➢ Calculation of minute ventilation and mean arterial pressure
I I I I I I I
➢ (862) IThe Iminute Iventilation I(MV)- Ithe Itotal Ivolume Iof Iair Iinhaled Iand Iexhaled Ieach Iminute- Iis
Irespiratory Irate Imultiplied Iby Itidal Ivolume:
➢ I MV I= I12 Ibreaths/ Imin Ix I500 ImL/ Ibreath
➢ I = I6 Iliters/ Imin
➢ 741) IMean Iarterial Ipressure I(MAP), Ithe Iaverage Iblood Ipressure Iin Iarteries, Iis Iroughly Ione-third Iof
Ithe Iway Ibetween Ithe Idiastolic Iand Isystolic Ipressures. IIt Ican Ibe Iestimated Ias Ifollows:
➢ MAP I= Idiastolic IBP I+ I1/3 I(systolic IBP−diastolic IBP)
➢ Amount Iof Iair Ithat Imoves Iin I& Iout Iof Ilungs Iduring Inormal Ibreathing I(500 Iml Inormal)
➢ Flow of blood in the heart
I I I I I
Blood Iflows Ithrough Ithe Iheart Ifirst Ithrough Ithe Iright Iatrium. IIt Iis Ideoxygenated Iblood Ithat
Icomes Ifrom Ithe Iinferior Ivena Icava, Isuperior Ivena Icava, Iand Icoronary Isinus. IThe Iblood Ithen
Igoes Ithrough Ithe Itricuspid Ivalve Ithen Ito Ithe Iright Iventricle. IAfter Ithe Iright Iventricle Iit Igoes
Ithrough Ithe Ipulmonary Ivalve Ithen Ito Ithe Ipulmonary Iartery I.the Iblood Ithen Igoes Ito Ithe IlungsIto
Ibecome Ioxygenated.Oxygenated Iblood Ireturns Ito Ithe Iheart Ithrough Ithe Ipulmonary IveinsIinto
Ithe Ileft Iatrium. IIt Igoes Ithrough Ithe Imitral Ivalve Ithen Ileft Iventricle. IIt Ithen Igoes Ito Ithe Iaortic
Ivalve Ithen Ito Ithe Iaorta Ithen Ito Ithe Ibody.
➢ Blood cell lines I I
3 Iblood Icell Ilines
under IMyeloid-
I
MAST ITISSUE
RBC-(Erythrocyte), ICFU-E, IProerythroblast
Platelets-Megakaryoblast, ICFU-Meg
I
I I I I I
Essay questions to know
I I I
• What are innate and adaptive immune systems, how they work and how
I I I I I I I I I I I
they interact.
I I
Adaptive Iimmunity Iis Ithe Iability Iof Ithe Ibody Ito Idefend Iitself Iagainst Ispecific Iinvading Iagents
▪ Antigens Iare Isubstances Irecognized Ias Iforeign Ithat Iprovoke Iimmune Iresponses
IAdaptive Iimmunity Ihas Iboth Ispecificity Iand Imemory Iand Iis Idivided Iinto I2 Itypes
1 Cell-mediated
2 Antibody-mediated
IIn Icell-mediated Iimmunity:
▪ An Iantigen Iis Irecognized Iand Ibound
▪ A Ismall Inumber Iof IT Icells Iproliferate Iand Idifferentiate Iinto Ia Iclone Iof Ieffector Icells
▪ The Iantigen Iis Ieliminated
IIn Iantibody-mediated Iimmunity:
▪ An Iantigen Iis Irecognized Iand Ibound
▪ Helper IT Icells Icostimulate Ithe IB Icell Iso Ithe IB Icell Ican Iproliferate Iand Idifferentiate Iinto Ia
Iclone Iof Ieffector Icells Ithat Iproduce Iantibodies
▪ The Iantigen Iis Ieliminated
Innate Iimmunity Irefers Ito Ia Ivariety Iof Ibody Iresponses Ithat Iserve Ito Iprotect Ius Iagainst Iinvasion Iof Ia Iwide
Ivariety Iof Ipathogens Iand Itheir Itoxins.
▪ We Iare Iborn Iwith Ithis Ikind Iof Iimmunity
▪ Two Ilines Iof Idefense: INonspecific Idisease Iresistance Ifight Ia Iwide Ivariety Iof Iinvaders.
st
I1 : ISkin Iand Imucous Imembranes: Ibarriers, Iantimicrobial Isubstances
2nd: IInternal Idefenses I(cellular Idefenses), Iinflammation, Iand Ifever
• Describe the anatomy and functions of the spleen.
I I I I I I I
a. The Ispleen Iis Ithe Ilargest Isingle Imass Iof Ilymphatic Itissue Iin Ithe Ibody.
It Iis Ifound Iin Ithe Ileft Ihypochondriac Iregion Ibetween Istomach Iand Ithe
I
I diaphragm. IIt Iis Icomposed Iof Iwhite Ipulp Iand Ired Ipulp. IRed Ipulp Ifilters
blood Iand Igets Irid Iof Iold Ior Idamaged Iblood Icells. IWhite Ipulp Iconsists
I
of Iimmune Icells Iand Ihelps Ifight Iinfection. IThe Ispleen Iacts Ias Ia Iblood
I
filter, Iif Iit Idetects Ibad Ibacteria, Iviruses Iin Ithe Iblood, Iit Iand Ithe Ilymph
I
I nodes Icreate Ilymphocytes Iwhich Iact Ias Idefenders.
, • What is ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration. What
I I I I I I I I
are their functions and Location.
I I I I I
• 1. I Pulmonary I ventilation, I or I breathing, I is I the I movement I of I air
I betweenIthe I atmosphere I and I the Ilungs I that I occurs I when I we I inhale I and
I exhale
• 2. I External I respiration I is I the I movement I of I oxygen I from I the I alveoli I into
pulmonary I capillaries Iand I carbon I dioxide I from I pulmonary I capillaries I to I the
Ialveoli.
• 3. I Internal I respiration I is I the I movement I of I oxygen I from I capillaries
I intoIbody Icells Iand Icarbon Idioxide Ifrom Ibody Icells Iinto Icapillaries.
Neural control of ventilation including brain centers, sensory and motor signals.
I I I I I I I I I I
Respiratory Icenter- INeurons Iin Ithe Ipons Iand Imedulla Ioblongata Iof Ithe Ibrain Istem Ithat Iregulate
Ibreathing. I It Iis Idivided Iinto Ithe Imedullary Irespiratory Icenter Iand Ithe Ipontine Irespiratory Icenter.
Within Ithe Imedullary Irespiratory Icenter, Iyou Ifind Itwo Irespiratory Igroups, Ithe Iventral Irespiratory Igroup
I(AKA Iexpiratory Iarea) Iand Ithe Idorsal Irespiratory Igroup I(AKA Iinspiratory Iarea). IThe IDRG Igenerates
Iimpulses Ito Ithe Idiaphragm Ivia Ithe Iphrenic Inerves Iand Ithe Iexternal Iintercostals Ivia Ithe Iintercostal Inerves.
IThese Iimpulses Itrigger Icontraction Iof Ithese Imuscles Iwhich Iin Iturn Iexecute Iinhalation. IWhen Ithe Inerves
Iare Inot Ifiring, Ithis Ipassive Irelaxation Iallows Irecoil Iof Ithe Ilungs Iand Ithoracic Iwall, Ipassive Iexhalation. IThe
IVRG Iis Ionly Iactivated Iduring Iforceful Iinhalation Iand Itrigger Ithe Iaccessory Imuscles Ito Iwork. IAn Iimportant
Ipart Iof Ithe IVRG Iis Ithe IPre-Botzinger IComplex Iwhich Iis Ibelieved Ito Ibe Iimportant Iin Ithe Igeneration Iof Ithe
Irhythm Iof Ibreathing I(Pacemaker Icells)
Medulla Ioblongata Ireceives Isignals I& Iincreases Iventilation; Ipons Icontrols Irate Iof
Ii nvoluntary Irespiration; Imotor Icortex; Irespiratory Ichemoreceptors
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. How does
I I I I I I I I I I I I
loading/unloading of these gases take place in the lungs vs. tissues.
I I I I I I I I I I I
• Dissolved Iin Iplasma I(1.5%) I(= Iblood IPO2)
Remember, IO2 Iis Inot Ivery Isoluble Iin Iblood!
2. IBound Ito Ihemoglobin Iin IRBCs I(98.5%)
• The Ifinal Istep Iin Ithe Iexchange Iof Igases Ibetween Ithe Iexternal Ienvironment Iand Ithe Itissues Iis Ithe
Itransport Iof Ioxygen Iand Icarbon Idioxide Ito Iand Ifrom Ithe Ilung Iby Ithe Iblood. IOxygen Iis Icarried
Iboth Iphysically Idissolved Iin Ithe Iblood Iand Ichemically Icombined Ito Ihemoglobin. ICarbon Idioxide
Iis Icarried Iphysically Idissolved Iin Ithe Iblood, Ichemically Icombined Ito Iblood Iproteins Ias Icarbamino
Icompounds, Iand Ias Ibicarbonate.
• Oxygen Iis Itransported Iboth Iphysically Idissolved Iin Iblood Iand Ichemically Icombined Ito Ithe
Ihemoglobin Iin Ithe Ierythrocytes. IMuch Imore Ioxygen Iis Inormally Itransported Icombined Iwith
Ihemoglobin Ithan Iis Iphysically Idissolved Iin Ithe Iblood. IWithout Ihemoglobin, Ithe Icardiovascular
Isystem Icould Inot Isupply Isufficient Ioxygen Ito Imeet Itissue Idemands.
, • Oxygen Iis Iloaded Iin Iblood Iin Ithe Ipulmonary Icapillaries Iwhere Ithe Ioxygen Itension Iis I100 Imm IHg
Ias Ia Iresult Iof Ialveolar Iventilation. IOxygen Iis Iunloaded Ifrom Ithe Iblood Iin Ithe Iperipheral Itissues
Iwhere Ithe Ioxygen Itension Iis Iroughly I40 Imm IHg Ias Ia Iresult Iof Iperipheral Itissue Ioxygen
Iconsumption.
➢ Calculation of minute ventilation and mean arterial pressure
I I I I I I I
➢ (862) IThe Iminute Iventilation I(MV)- Ithe Itotal Ivolume Iof Iair Iinhaled Iand Iexhaled Ieach Iminute- Iis
Irespiratory Irate Imultiplied Iby Itidal Ivolume:
➢ I MV I= I12 Ibreaths/ Imin Ix I500 ImL/ Ibreath
➢ I = I6 Iliters/ Imin
➢ 741) IMean Iarterial Ipressure I(MAP), Ithe Iaverage Iblood Ipressure Iin Iarteries, Iis Iroughly Ione-third Iof
Ithe Iway Ibetween Ithe Idiastolic Iand Isystolic Ipressures. IIt Ican Ibe Iestimated Ias Ifollows:
➢ MAP I= Idiastolic IBP I+ I1/3 I(systolic IBP−diastolic IBP)
➢ Amount Iof Iair Ithat Imoves Iin I& Iout Iof Ilungs Iduring Inormal Ibreathing I(500 Iml Inormal)
➢ Flow of blood in the heart
I I I I I
Blood Iflows Ithrough Ithe Iheart Ifirst Ithrough Ithe Iright Iatrium. IIt Iis Ideoxygenated Iblood Ithat
Icomes Ifrom Ithe Iinferior Ivena Icava, Isuperior Ivena Icava, Iand Icoronary Isinus. IThe Iblood Ithen
Igoes Ithrough Ithe Itricuspid Ivalve Ithen Ito Ithe Iright Iventricle. IAfter Ithe Iright Iventricle Iit Igoes
Ithrough Ithe Ipulmonary Ivalve Ithen Ito Ithe Ipulmonary Iartery I.the Iblood Ithen Igoes Ito Ithe IlungsIto
Ibecome Ioxygenated.Oxygenated Iblood Ireturns Ito Ithe Iheart Ithrough Ithe Ipulmonary IveinsIinto
Ithe Ileft Iatrium. IIt Igoes Ithrough Ithe Imitral Ivalve Ithen Ileft Iventricle. IIt Ithen Igoes Ito Ithe Iaortic
Ivalve Ithen Ito Ithe Iaorta Ithen Ito Ithe Ibody.
➢ Blood cell lines I I
3 Iblood Icell Ilines
under IMyeloid-
I
MAST ITISSUE
RBC-(Erythrocyte), ICFU-E, IProerythroblast
Platelets-Megakaryoblast, ICFU-Meg
I
