Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #1 Review Sheet
Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 24, 51, 52, 53
1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of pathophysiology include?
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The study of all the abnormalities in physiologic
function of living beings.
o Derives from 2 disciplines:
.
Patho meaning Dx of diseases through exam of organs, tissues, and cells.
Physiology meaning Mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions.
o There are FOUR parts of pathophysiology:
1- Etiology: causes/reasons of disease. This ID’s causal factors for Dz
2- Pathogenesis: Evolution of Dz from the initial stimulus to ultimate
manifestations of the Dz. (GENESIS = CREATE)
2. Review terms such as signs, symptoms, acute, chronic, exacerbation,
remission, convalescence, and sequela
Signs: objective/observed manifestations
o Ex: rash, change in temperature
Symptoms: Subjective
o Ex: pain, nausea
Acute: short-lived.
Chronic: lasts for months/years
Exacerbation: increase in severity
Remission: decrease in severity
Remission: decrease in severity
Convalescence: Stage of recovery
Sequela: subsequent pathological condition resulting from an illness
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN
o
3. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of disease prevention
such as primary, secondary, and tertiary as well as examples for each.
Epidemiology is the study of study and analysis of the distribution, patterns
and determinants of health and conditions in defined populations.
o Primary level: altering susceptibility
a. Ex: Immunizations
o Secondary level” early detections/screenings
a. Ex: Pap smears, breast exams, cancer screenings
o Tertiary level: Rehabilitation (reduce disabilities)
a. Ex: PT/OT after a stroke
Florence Nightingale was the first practicing epidemiologist.
,4. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis.
Homeostasis: The process by which a state of internal, physiological
equilibrium is maintained.
o Ex: pH, concentration of ions in ECF, glucose levels, osmolality of ECF
Allostasis: Steps the body takes to re-establish homeostasis. Adaptation to
a changing internal and external environment
o Ex: HR, body core temperature, BP
5. Review the three different stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS) including the alarm stage, adaptation/resistance, and exhaustion
stage. What hormones are released during the alarm stage and what
effects do they have on the body?
Three stages of GAS:
1: Alarm Stage: Fight/Flight response.
2: Resistance/Adaptation: Activity of nervous/endocrine systems to return
to homeostasis
3: Exhaustion: If stressor is not removed the body cannot return to
homeostasis. The body will go into allostatic overload and organs tissues
give out.
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN
, Stressor Excites receptors
Hypothalamus relases This activates the SNS
CRH + ACH
Providing a surge of energy
Adrenal Medulla releases Increased cardiac output, increased
catecholamines respirations, enhanced blood coag.
(epinepherine and increased BP, dialated pupils,
Norepinepherine) increadd BG (energy), GI/GU
supressed.
Adrenal Medulla releases
cortisol due to ACTH. Corticosteroids stabilize vascular
reactivitiy, inhibit glucose uptake,
suppress protein sysnthesis
*inhibit release of CRH+ACH fron
the hypothalamus
6. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic
nervous systems. What happens to the body during “fight-or-flight”
response?
Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 24, 51, 52, 53
1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of pathophysiology include?
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The study of all the abnormalities in physiologic
function of living beings.
o Derives from 2 disciplines:
.
Patho meaning Dx of diseases through exam of organs, tissues, and cells.
Physiology meaning Mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions.
o There are FOUR parts of pathophysiology:
1- Etiology: causes/reasons of disease. This ID’s causal factors for Dz
2- Pathogenesis: Evolution of Dz from the initial stimulus to ultimate
manifestations of the Dz. (GENESIS = CREATE)
2. Review terms such as signs, symptoms, acute, chronic, exacerbation,
remission, convalescence, and sequela
Signs: objective/observed manifestations
o Ex: rash, change in temperature
Symptoms: Subjective
o Ex: pain, nausea
Acute: short-lived.
Chronic: lasts for months/years
Exacerbation: increase in severity
Remission: decrease in severity
Remission: decrease in severity
Convalescence: Stage of recovery
Sequela: subsequent pathological condition resulting from an illness
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN
o
3. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of disease prevention
such as primary, secondary, and tertiary as well as examples for each.
Epidemiology is the study of study and analysis of the distribution, patterns
and determinants of health and conditions in defined populations.
o Primary level: altering susceptibility
a. Ex: Immunizations
o Secondary level” early detections/screenings
a. Ex: Pap smears, breast exams, cancer screenings
o Tertiary level: Rehabilitation (reduce disabilities)
a. Ex: PT/OT after a stroke
Florence Nightingale was the first practicing epidemiologist.
,4. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis.
Homeostasis: The process by which a state of internal, physiological
equilibrium is maintained.
o Ex: pH, concentration of ions in ECF, glucose levels, osmolality of ECF
Allostasis: Steps the body takes to re-establish homeostasis. Adaptation to
a changing internal and external environment
o Ex: HR, body core temperature, BP
5. Review the three different stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS) including the alarm stage, adaptation/resistance, and exhaustion
stage. What hormones are released during the alarm stage and what
effects do they have on the body?
Three stages of GAS:
1: Alarm Stage: Fight/Flight response.
2: Resistance/Adaptation: Activity of nervous/endocrine systems to return
to homeostasis
3: Exhaustion: If stressor is not removed the body cannot return to
homeostasis. The body will go into allostatic overload and organs tissues
give out.
o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN
, Stressor Excites receptors
Hypothalamus relases This activates the SNS
CRH + ACH
Providing a surge of energy
Adrenal Medulla releases Increased cardiac output, increased
catecholamines respirations, enhanced blood coag.
(epinepherine and increased BP, dialated pupils,
Norepinepherine) increadd BG (energy), GI/GU
supressed.
Adrenal Medulla releases
cortisol due to ACTH. Corticosteroids stabilize vascular
reactivitiy, inhibit glucose uptake,
suppress protein sysnthesis
*inhibit release of CRH+ACH fron
the hypothalamus
6. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic
nervous systems. What happens to the body during “fight-or-flight”
response?
