PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – RENAL KIDNEY DISEASE
1) Discuss the difference between Acute Renal Disease (ARD) and Chronic Renal Disease
(CRD) in terms of its:
(a) Pathophysiology: Acute renal disease happens when the kidneys suddenly lose their ability to
filter water from the blood. Chronic Renal disease on the other hand is a reduced renal function
that occurs in a long period of time. ARD is reversible if the cause of the disease can be figured
out and treated. The progression of ARD is divided into phases, in the first phase, blood flow in
the kidney decreases, and the urine output also declines, resulting in the failure of the kidney to
function because of a lack of blood supply. The oliguric phase is the second phase of the disease
wherein the kidneys stop functioning normally because of decreased blood flow, resulting in the
kidney to produce a less amount of urine (oliguria). An increase in nitrogenous waste, electrolytes,
and excess fluid which lasts for 1-2 weeks also occurs in the second phase. The third phase is
the diuretic phase wherein the damage is gone and blood flow is regained resulting in frequent
urination. The fourth and final phase of ARD is the recovery phase which can take months and
years for a full recovery and the kidney heals from the damage it has gone through. Chronic renal
disease, on the other hand, develops slowly, is irreversible and it progresses to renal failure or
End-Stage Renal disease. During CRD, the tissues of the kidney lose their ability to function
resulting in a build-up of waste products in the body. A decline in renal function in CRD will also
impede the kidney’s role in the homeostasis of fluids and electrolytes causing the urine’s
concentration to decline as well, this occurrence is followed by reduced excretion of excess
phosphate, acid, and potassium.
(b) clinical manifestation: Acute and chronic renal disease have many similar symptoms, however,
in CKR, most people don’t have any symptoms for many years but when symptoms begin to
show, it includes high blood pressure, fatigue, weakness, decreased urination, swelling of the
legs, puffy eyes, trouble sleeping, difficulty concentrating, lack of appetite, nausea, and
headaches. In acute renal disease, patients will also experience almost the same symptoms but
it is accompanied by other manifestations such as rashes, fever, and nosebleed.
2) Discuss how the dialysis procedure works and how it helps in managing patients with
Renal disease.
1) Discuss the difference between Acute Renal Disease (ARD) and Chronic Renal Disease
(CRD) in terms of its:
(a) Pathophysiology: Acute renal disease happens when the kidneys suddenly lose their ability to
filter water from the blood. Chronic Renal disease on the other hand is a reduced renal function
that occurs in a long period of time. ARD is reversible if the cause of the disease can be figured
out and treated. The progression of ARD is divided into phases, in the first phase, blood flow in
the kidney decreases, and the urine output also declines, resulting in the failure of the kidney to
function because of a lack of blood supply. The oliguric phase is the second phase of the disease
wherein the kidneys stop functioning normally because of decreased blood flow, resulting in the
kidney to produce a less amount of urine (oliguria). An increase in nitrogenous waste, electrolytes,
and excess fluid which lasts for 1-2 weeks also occurs in the second phase. The third phase is
the diuretic phase wherein the damage is gone and blood flow is regained resulting in frequent
urination. The fourth and final phase of ARD is the recovery phase which can take months and
years for a full recovery and the kidney heals from the damage it has gone through. Chronic renal
disease, on the other hand, develops slowly, is irreversible and it progresses to renal failure or
End-Stage Renal disease. During CRD, the tissues of the kidney lose their ability to function
resulting in a build-up of waste products in the body. A decline in renal function in CRD will also
impede the kidney’s role in the homeostasis of fluids and electrolytes causing the urine’s
concentration to decline as well, this occurrence is followed by reduced excretion of excess
phosphate, acid, and potassium.
(b) clinical manifestation: Acute and chronic renal disease have many similar symptoms, however,
in CKR, most people don’t have any symptoms for many years but when symptoms begin to
show, it includes high blood pressure, fatigue, weakness, decreased urination, swelling of the
legs, puffy eyes, trouble sleeping, difficulty concentrating, lack of appetite, nausea, and
headaches. In acute renal disease, patients will also experience almost the same symptoms but
it is accompanied by other manifestations such as rashes, fever, and nosebleed.
2) Discuss how the dialysis procedure works and how it helps in managing patients with
Renal disease.
