PTRS 711 Kinesiology Comprehensive Final Exam
2022.
What are the 2 categories of skeletal muscle? Which is responsible for generating force
and which is responsible for generating velocity?
(answer) - Fusiform - velocity
Penniform - force
Penniform muscles can be subdivided into 3 categories. What are those categories?
Explain the differences between each category.
(answer) - Unipennate - fibers all in one direction
Bipennate - fibers in 2 different directions
Multipennate - fibers in multiple directions
What are the types of muscle fibers?
(answer) - Type I
Type II A/B
Which of the following is characteristic of Type I muscle fibers:
Atrophy quickly
Prone to weakness
Dominate during times of fatigue
Slow oxidative
Fast oxygenated glycolytic
Fast glycolytic
Involved in arthrokinematics
Involved in osteokinematics
(answer) - Atrophy quickly
Prone to weakness
Slow oxidative
Involved in arthrokinematics
Which of the following is characteristic of Type II A muscle fibers:
Atrophy quickly
Prone to weakness
Dominate during times of fatigue
Slow oxidative
Fast oxygenated glycolytic
Fast glycolytic
Involved in arthrokinematics
Involved in osteokinematics
(answer) - Dominate during times of fatigue
Fast oxygenated glycolytic
Involved in osteokinematics
,Which of the following is characteristic of Type II B muscle fibers:
Atrophy quickly
Prone to weakness
Dominate during times of fatigue
Slow oxidative
Fast oxygenated glycolytic
Fast glycolytic
Involved in arthrokinematics
Involved in osteokinematics
(answer) - Dominate during times of fatigue
Fast glycolytic
Involved in osteokinematics
What are the 3 components of muscle force production?
(answer) - Initial length
Stimulus frequency
Recruitment of motor units
What are the 3 types of stimulus frequency? Describe each type.
(answer) - Single twitch - single stimulation resulting in a single response
Summation - repeated stimuli leading to an increase in muscle tension
Tetanus - high frequency stimuli leading to high tension in the muscle
Explain the size principal of motor unit recruitment.
(answer) - Motor units are recruited based on size meaning that the smaller, more
fatigue-resistant fibers will be recruited first followed by the larger, more easily fatigued
fibers
What is the purpose of an EMG? Is it a measure of muscle strength?
(answer) - Measure the neural activation of motor units - No
Define the following terms:
Isometric
Isotonic
Isokinetic
Eccentric
Concentric
(answer) - Isometric - same length
Isotonic - same weight
Isokinetic - same speed + resistance, variable force
Eccentric - lengthening
Concentric - shortening
Explain the force-velocity curve.
(answer) - Concentric muscles generate greater force when moving at slower speeds
, Eccentric muscles generate greater force when moving at quicker speeds
Explain the length-tension relationship.
(answer) - Amount of force a muscle is capable of generating when contracted at
different lengths
What is the moment arm distance? What happens to torque as the moment arm
increases?
(answer) - Perpendicular distance b/w line of action and center of moment
Torque increases
What adaptations occur as a result of strength training? Which adaptation occurs first
and what is happening during each adaptation?
(answer) - Hypertrophy - increase in muscle fiber size
Neurogenic - increase in motor unit recruitment, greater discharge frequency of motor
units, greater synchronicity b/w motor units
Neurogenic adaptations occur first
Explain the Holten curve.
(answer) - Table used to determine how many max. reps of an exercise should be
performed based on the desired goal of strength or endurance
When MMT a patient, if the muscle is strong and painless, what do you suspect is going
on?
(answer) - Normal, no lesions or neurological deficits
When MMT a patient, if the muscle is strong but painful, what do you suspect is going
on?
(answer) - Minor lesions
When MMT a patient, if the muscle is weak and painless, what do you suspect is going
on?
(answer) - Disorder of the NS or NMJ
Complete rupture of the muscle/tendon
Disuse atrophy
When MMT a patient, if the muscle is weak and painful, what do you suspect is going
on?
(answer) - Serious pathology
Acute inflammatory response
Rupture of muscle/tendon
Minor muscle damage
2022.
What are the 2 categories of skeletal muscle? Which is responsible for generating force
and which is responsible for generating velocity?
(answer) - Fusiform - velocity
Penniform - force
Penniform muscles can be subdivided into 3 categories. What are those categories?
Explain the differences between each category.
(answer) - Unipennate - fibers all in one direction
Bipennate - fibers in 2 different directions
Multipennate - fibers in multiple directions
What are the types of muscle fibers?
(answer) - Type I
Type II A/B
Which of the following is characteristic of Type I muscle fibers:
Atrophy quickly
Prone to weakness
Dominate during times of fatigue
Slow oxidative
Fast oxygenated glycolytic
Fast glycolytic
Involved in arthrokinematics
Involved in osteokinematics
(answer) - Atrophy quickly
Prone to weakness
Slow oxidative
Involved in arthrokinematics
Which of the following is characteristic of Type II A muscle fibers:
Atrophy quickly
Prone to weakness
Dominate during times of fatigue
Slow oxidative
Fast oxygenated glycolytic
Fast glycolytic
Involved in arthrokinematics
Involved in osteokinematics
(answer) - Dominate during times of fatigue
Fast oxygenated glycolytic
Involved in osteokinematics
,Which of the following is characteristic of Type II B muscle fibers:
Atrophy quickly
Prone to weakness
Dominate during times of fatigue
Slow oxidative
Fast oxygenated glycolytic
Fast glycolytic
Involved in arthrokinematics
Involved in osteokinematics
(answer) - Dominate during times of fatigue
Fast glycolytic
Involved in osteokinematics
What are the 3 components of muscle force production?
(answer) - Initial length
Stimulus frequency
Recruitment of motor units
What are the 3 types of stimulus frequency? Describe each type.
(answer) - Single twitch - single stimulation resulting in a single response
Summation - repeated stimuli leading to an increase in muscle tension
Tetanus - high frequency stimuli leading to high tension in the muscle
Explain the size principal of motor unit recruitment.
(answer) - Motor units are recruited based on size meaning that the smaller, more
fatigue-resistant fibers will be recruited first followed by the larger, more easily fatigued
fibers
What is the purpose of an EMG? Is it a measure of muscle strength?
(answer) - Measure the neural activation of motor units - No
Define the following terms:
Isometric
Isotonic
Isokinetic
Eccentric
Concentric
(answer) - Isometric - same length
Isotonic - same weight
Isokinetic - same speed + resistance, variable force
Eccentric - lengthening
Concentric - shortening
Explain the force-velocity curve.
(answer) - Concentric muscles generate greater force when moving at slower speeds
, Eccentric muscles generate greater force when moving at quicker speeds
Explain the length-tension relationship.
(answer) - Amount of force a muscle is capable of generating when contracted at
different lengths
What is the moment arm distance? What happens to torque as the moment arm
increases?
(answer) - Perpendicular distance b/w line of action and center of moment
Torque increases
What adaptations occur as a result of strength training? Which adaptation occurs first
and what is happening during each adaptation?
(answer) - Hypertrophy - increase in muscle fiber size
Neurogenic - increase in motor unit recruitment, greater discharge frequency of motor
units, greater synchronicity b/w motor units
Neurogenic adaptations occur first
Explain the Holten curve.
(answer) - Table used to determine how many max. reps of an exercise should be
performed based on the desired goal of strength or endurance
When MMT a patient, if the muscle is strong and painless, what do you suspect is going
on?
(answer) - Normal, no lesions or neurological deficits
When MMT a patient, if the muscle is strong but painful, what do you suspect is going
on?
(answer) - Minor lesions
When MMT a patient, if the muscle is weak and painless, what do you suspect is going
on?
(answer) - Disorder of the NS or NMJ
Complete rupture of the muscle/tendon
Disuse atrophy
When MMT a patient, if the muscle is weak and painful, what do you suspect is going
on?
(answer) - Serious pathology
Acute inflammatory response
Rupture of muscle/tendon
Minor muscle damage
