PSE 105 Final Exam

Sir Albert Howard Ans- Thought that all animal, plant, and human diseases were caused by soil. So if soil was made healthy by organic techniques there would be no disease. J.I. Rodale Ans- Author of "Organic Farming and Gardening" 1942 Rachel Carson Ans- Author of "Silent Spring" 1962 Transition period Ans- The period of time when farmland is being transitioned to organic. The minimum transition period is 36 months from the last application of a prohibited substance to the first certifiable harvest. USDA Certified Organic Ans- "100 percent organic": must be at least 95 percent organic. "made with organic ingredients": must be made with at least 70 percent organic ingredients. Anthroposophy Ans- knowledge of the nature of humanity; human wisdom biodynamic preparations Ans- Putting weird stuff in the soil Rudolf Steiner Ans- Who is the Father of Biodynamic Farming, also founded waldorf schools Demeter Certificaiton Ans- certifications for a biodynamic farm direct vs indirect energy Ans- direct: diesel, gasoline, electricity indirect: fertilizers, pesticides energy ratio Ans- (kilocalorie) petroleum 1:100, corn ethanol 1:1.3 switchgrass Ans- a tall North American grass being developed as a renewable source of energy biodiesel Ans- A diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources (such as vegetable oils), that can be used in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles. fermentation Ans- A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Miscanthus Ans- Invasive species with high biomass biochar Ans- Topsoil, production of charcoal from any biomass, using pyrolysis E. coli 0157:H7 Ans- What can cause food poisoning in undercooked meat HACCP Ans- Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (7 voluntary steps) kill step Ans- point where pathogens are killed GAP Ans- Good Agricultural Practices avian flu Ans- This flu, a disease that is found in poultry, can also affect humans. Commodity crops Ans- Crop products such as corn and soybeans that can be used for commerce Conservation Reserve Program Ans- reimburses farmers for retiring eroded farm land and planting trees in it Counter-cyclical payments Ans- payments when a commodity is worth less than the target price Ecosystem services Ans- food production, soil retention, habitat, pollination provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting Why Urban agriculture Ans- freshness, boosts food security (gets rid of food deserts), storm water management, facilitates composting, boosts local economy