Unit 5: Individuals with Learning Disabilities

IDEA 2004 regulations made a significant change from the 1997 language in regard to use of the "discrepancy model" in identifying a student as having a learning disability. Which of the following statements correctly identifies that change? 1. "Discrepancy" must be used by school districts for determining the presence of a learning disability. 2. "Discrepancy" may be among a variety of methods used by school districts for determining the presence of a learning disability. 3. "Discrepancy" may not be used by school districts for determining the presence of a learning disability. Correct answer- 2. "Discrepancy" may be among a variety of methods used by school districts for determining the presence of a learning disability. IDEA's definition of Learning Disabilities states that the condition " ... does not include children who have learning disabilities which are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor handicaps, or mental retardation, or emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage." This language explaining what LD is not is often referred to as ____________________________. 1. the inclusion model 2. the exclusionary clause 3. an umbrella term 4. the discrepancy model Correct answer- 2. the exclusionary clause Which of the following aspects of learning disability are common to both the federal IDEA legislation and the definition provided by the Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDA, formerly known as the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities)? 1. that classification for LD does not include individuals whose learning disabilities are primarily the result of sensory impairment, physical handicaps, mental retardation, or emotional disturbance 2. that LD is a chronic, lifelong condition 3. that LD interferes with an individual's ability in verbal and/or non-verbal communication (i.e., reading, writing, speaking, listening) and in mathematics 4. that LD can affect self-esteem and socialization of the individual Correct answer- 3. that LD interferes with an individual's ability in verbal and/or non-verbal communication (i.e., reading, writing, speaking, listening) and in mathematics ADHD is a learning disability. True False Correct answer- False Measure overall academic achievement 1. Achievement Tests 2. Cognitive Ability/Intelligence Test Correct answer- 1. Achievement Tests Measure assumed ability 1. Achievement Tests 2. Cognitive Ability/Intelligence Test Correct answer- 2. Cognitive Ability/Intelligence Test Which statement below best describes the term "Response to Intervention ( RTI)"? 1. It is a strategy for making eligibility decisions on the basis of how a pupil responds to scientific, research-based educational interventions. 2. It is the frequent and systematic assessment of the individual's performance. 3. It leads to the inference that learning disabilities are not primarily caused by other handicapping conditions or extrinsic factors. 4. It is used for comparing a student's performance on a standardized achievement test with a measure of cognitive abilities or intelligence. Correct answer- 1. It is a strategy for making eligibility decisions on the basis of how a pupil responds to scientific, research- based educational interventions. Reflects the student's local curriculum 1. Curriculum-based measurement 2. Norm-referenced tests 3. Portfolio assessment 4. Criterion-referenced tests Correct answer- 1. Curriculum-based measurement Measures student ability against mastery level performance by other students 1. Curriculum-based measurement 2. Norm-referenced tests 3. Portfolio assessment 4. Criterion-referenced tests Correct answer- 2. Norm-referenced tests A collection of student work 1. Curriculum-based measurement 2. Norm-referenced tests 3. Portfolio assessment 4. Criterion-referenced tests Correct answer- 3. Portfolio assessment Teacher-made tests for specific skills 1. Curriculum-based measurement 2. Norm-referenced tests 3. Portfolio assessment 4. Criterion-referenced tests Correct answer- 4. Criterion-referenced tests Cents I knt reed, u fink I have a box of rox for a bran knt rite eher From Joseph 9 yes old The scenario above describes a number of strengths and deficits for Joseph. What are they? 1. His strengths are behavior, social and fine motor skills, with deficits in gross motor, reading and writing skills. 2. His strengths are gross motor and reading skills, with deficits in writing and fine motor skills. 3. His strengths are behavior, social and gross motor skills, with deficits in fine motor, reading and spelling skills. 4. His strengths are social and reading skills, with deficits in behavior, writing skills and spelling. Correct answer- 3. His strengths are behavior, social and gross motor skills, with deficits in fine motor, reading and spelling skills. A common component of the definition of learning disability is that it is a lifelong condition. True False Correct answer- True In defining learning disability, the difference between a student's actual academic performance and his or her estimated ability is described as a __________. 1. discrepancy 2. familiality study 3. learned helplessness 4. response to intervention Correct answer- 1. discrepancy In some schools, RTI has now become a way to both identify students with potential learning disabilities as well as a way to pre-refer all students for an LD screening. True or False? True False Correct answer- True A student with a learning disability who has difficulty conversing and picking up social cues has problems with ________________________. 1. semantics 2. short-term memory 3. pragmatics 4. syntax Correct answer- 3. pragmatics A student with a learning disability who has difficulty discerning the last sound in the word "cliff" is having a problem involving ____________________________. 1. Phonological awareness 2. Syntax 3. Dyslexia 4. Phonemic awareness Correct answer- 4. Phonemic awareness In the definition of learning disability, the notion of discrepancy refers to the comparison of which two factors? (Select all that apply.) 1. Intellectual ability 2. Type of impairment 3. Academic achievement 4. Severity of impairment Correct answer- 1. Intellectual ability 3. Academic achievement What is the most recent approach of professionals working with people who have learning disabilities? 1. Focus on attention disorders 2. Focus on academic performance 3. Focus on the lifelong nature of learning disabilities 4. Focus on wide range of characteristics of learning disabilities Correct answer- 3. Focus on the lifelong nature of learning disabilities Which action below is NOT an example of using a metacognitive skill? 1. A student rehearses a list of numbers in his mind. 2. A student consults a dictionary to make sure a word is correct. 3. A student rereads her work as she writes. 4. A student scans ahead in her reading assignment. Correct answer- 1. A student rehearses a list of numbers in his mind. One advantage of norm-referenced tests is that they ______________________. 1. provide professionals with large amounts of data 2. offer teachers a way of assessing their teaching 3. allow professionals to describe an individual student's performance 4. provide instructional direction Correct answer- 1. provide professionals with large amounts of data What do metacognition deficits, memory problems, and outer-directedness have in common? 1. They can all be improved with teaching. 2. They are all associated with oral language difficulties. 3. They all result from disorders of attention. 4. They all result from problems with attribution. Correct answer- 1. They can all be improved with teaching. Bill is failing his American history class because he constantly confuses or forgets important names, dates, and events despite his long hours of study. He will have a test next week on the American Civil War. What instructional technique would help him learn and recall the important facts? 1. Reading additional books on the Civil War 2. Creating a mnemonic chart of the names of important generals 3. Copying over Civil War maps by hand Correct answer- 2. Creating a mnemonic chart of the names of important generals Which of the following best describes the instructional approach that teaches students how to learn by giving them the techniques, principles, and rules they can apply independently to many tasks and learning situations? 1. Mnemonics 2. Learning strategies 3. Drill and practice 4. Self-instruction Correct answer- 2. Learning strategies Which of the following instructional approaches focuses on having a student develop skills to be a more active learner and to apply these skills in any learning context? 1. Learning strategies 2. Cognitive training 3. Direct instruction Correct answer- 1. Learning strategies Telling a child what to do, when, and why Correct answer- Direct Instruction Which of the following actions is NOT one of the six steps of self-instruction? 1. Student self-evaluates performance. 2. Teacher models performing a task. 3. Student performs activity while verbalizing aloud. 4. Teacher drills students using a tightly controlled script. Correct answer- 4. Teacher drills students using a tightly controlled script. If a student is performing a task while whispering instructions, which of the approaches listed below is she employing? 1. Mnemonic strategies 2. Cognitive training 3. Direct instruction 4. Learning strategies Correct answer- 2. Cognitive training Where are the majority of students with learning disabilities placed? 1. Resource room 2. Separate class 3. Separate school 4. Regular classroom Correct answer- 4. Regular classroom As a learning approach, direct instruction ___________________________. 1. involves the most intensive teacher engagement 2. is focused on internal processes 3. provides students with systematic strategies for directing their own learning 4. emphasizes self-evaluation Correct answer- 1. involves the most intensive teacher engagement Which instructional approach is scripted, and has fast-paced lessons delivered to small groups of students? 1. Direct Instruction 2. Learning Strategies 3. Cognitive training Correct answer- 1. Direct Instruction Which statement is best supported by current placement statistics for students with learning disabilities? 1. Most resource rooms are inadequately equipped for teaching LD students. 2. Most educators believe resource rooms are too restrictive for LD students. 3. Most special education teachers are better prepared to instruct LD students in traditional classrooms. 4. Most learning challenges of LD students in traditional classrooms are less debilitating than those of their peers. Correct answer- 2. Most educators believe resource rooms are too restrictive for LD students. Based on established definitions, which of the following statements best explains the federal interpretation of a learning disability? 1. Some people have psychological problems that affect their ability to retain information. 2. Some people lack information processing skills that are conducive to learning. 3. People with noted language deficiencies tend to have above average intelligence. 4. People who perform poorly in academic settings can learn to be successful in work and life. Correct answer- 2. Some people lack information processing skills that are conducive to learning. According to the IDEA, a learning disability (LD) diagnosis is typically justified when a student demonstrates a noted discrepancy between________________. 1. intellectual ability and academic achievement 2. cognitive ability and cerebral function 3. language acquisition and verbal expression 4. intellectual potential and IQ score Correct answer- 1. intellectual ability and academic achievement Which condition is recognized as a cause of learning disabilities (LD)? 1. Inability to focus 2. Emotional problems 3. Accident-related brain injury 4. Hearing loss Correct answer- 3. Accident-related brain injury Most learning disabilities are identified in_______________. 1. males between six- and ten-years-old 2. adolescent males 3. preschool children of both genders 4. adolescent females Correct answer- 2. adolescent males True or false? Most students with learning disabilities have problems with reading. True False Correct answer- True A student is highly intelligent and artistically talented but suffers from dyslexia and dysgraphia. Which of the following conditions would most likely support an LD diagnosis for this student? 1. Dysfunctional neurological processing 2. Difficulty with spatial relationships 3. Above-average academic achievement 4. Impaired vision Correct answer- 1. Dysfunctional neurological processing Which statement below best explains how metacognition affects reading ability? 1. It impairs the ability to pinpoint main ideas. 2. It exacerbates learned helplessness. 3. It interferes with the ability to remember important details. 4. It causes difficulty with focus. Correct answer- 1. It impairs the ability to pinpoint main ideas. True or false? Norm-referenced assessments are less effective with students who have learning disabilities than with the general education student population. True False Correct answer- True How does the RTI model affect how individual school districts diagnose learning disabilities? 1. It forces them to make placement decisions using standardized assessments. 2. It prevents them from using assessments that are ill-suited to certain impairments. 3. It allows them to utilize student input in making eligibility and placement decisions. 4. It provides them with a method of intervention that targets specific student needs. Correct answer- 3. It allows them to utilize student input in making eligibility and placement decisions. As opposed to cognitive training, direct instruction is designed to ____________. 1. assist LD students in special education classrooms rather than LD students in general education classrooms 2. improve specific skills rather than correct processing impairments 3. address the needs of passive learners rather than active learners 4. reward students for their abilities rather than increase awareness of their challenges Correct answer- 2. improve specific skills rather than correct processing impairments True or false? The learning strategies approach differs from other instructional approaches for LD students mainly because it relies on methods of teaching that are effective in traditional classrooms. True False Correct answer- False Which of the following is a mnemonic strategy used to assist students with memory? 1. Using rhymes or patterns 2. Providing assistive technology devices 3. Verbalizing ideas out loud 4. Using scripted texts Correct answer- 1. Using rhymes or patterns Which statement best describes the significance of placement decisions for learning disabled students? 1. Only students with specific learning disabilities benefit from placement in special classrooms. 2. Students with learning disabilities are less likely to feel stigmatized when they are taught in traditional classrooms. 3. Students with learning disabilities receive more targeted instruction in special classrooms. 4. Many students in special classrooms belong in traditional classrooms because they have been misdiagnosed. Correct answer- 2. Students with learning disabilities are less likely to feel stigmatized when they are taught in traditional classrooms. Which of these statements best explains the significance of technology to special education? 1. Most LD students spend a significant amount of time in traditional classrooms where technological devices are used more frequently. 2. Many technological devices have been designed to assist with organizational skills and memory. 3. The ability to use technology is essential to academic success in today's working world. 4. The use of technological devices has improved the screening process for learning disabilities. Correct answer- 2. Many technological devices have been designed to assist with organizational skills and memory.