Chapter 1
Nursing as a Profession
Patient-centered care
Professionalism
➢ Requires critical thinking
➢ Administer patient-centered quality care
➢ Be responsible and accountable
Health care advocacy groups
➢ Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action
➢ Institute of Medicine (IOM) publication on The Future of Nursing
Science and Art of Nursing Practice
Nursing requires:
➢ Current knowledge and practice standards
➢ Insightful and compassionate approach
➢ Critical thinking
Benner’s stages of nursing proficiency:
➢ Novice
➢ Advanced beginner
➢ Competent
➢ Proficient
➢ Expert
Scope and Standards of Practice
Nursing definitions
➢ American Nurses Association (ANA)
➢ International Council of Nurses (ICN)
Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice
➢ 1960: Documentation began
➢ Standards of Professional Nursing Practice
➢ Standards of Professional Performance
➢ Code of Ethics
Professional Responsibilities and Roles
Autonomy and accountability
Caregiver
Advocate
Educator
Communicator
,Manager
Career Development
Provider of care
Advanced Practice Registered Nurses
➢ Clinical Nurse Specialist
➢ Nurse Practitioner
➢ Certified Nurse-Midwife
➢ Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
➢ Nurse Educator
➢ Nurse Administrator
➢ Nurse Researcher
➢ Nursing Shortage
• Correlation between direct care provided by an RN and:
➢ Positive patient outcomes
➢ Reduced complication rates
➢ More rapid return of the patient to optimal functional status
• With fewer available nurses, it is important for you to learn to use your patient contact time
efficiently and professionally.
Historical Influences
• Nurses:
➢ Respond to needs of patients
➢ Actively participate in determining best practices
• Knowledge of the history of the nursing profession increases your ability to understand the
social and intellectual origins of the discipline.
Florence Nightingale
• Established first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration
• Organized first school of nursing
• First practicing epidemiologist
• Improved sanitation in battlefield hospitals
• Practices remain a basic part of nursing today
Civil War to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
• Clara Barton
• Dorthea Lynde Dix and Mother Bickerdyke
• Harriet Tubman
• Mary Mahoney
• Isabel Hampton Robb
,• Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster
Twentieth Century
• Movement toward scientific, research-based practice and defined body of knowledge
• Nurses assumed expanded and advanced practice roles
➢ 1906: Mary Adelaide Nutting, first nursing professor at Columbia Teacher’s College
➢ Army and Navy Nurse Corps established
➢ 1920s: Nursing specialization began
➢ 1990: ANA established Center for Ethics and Human Rights
Twenty-First Century
• Changes in curriculum to meet changing societal needs
• Advances in technology and informatics requires nurses to have a strong and current
knowledge base
• Last Acts Campaign
• End-of-life care and practices added to nursing curricula
Contemporary Influences
• Importance of nurses’ self-care
• Health care reform and costs
• Demographic changes
• Medically underserved
Trends in Nursing
• Evidence-based practice
• Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
• Impact of emerging technologies
• Genomics
• Public perception of nursing
• Impact of nursing on politics and health policy
Professional Registered Nurse Education
• Prelicensure
➢ 2-year associate’s degree
➢ 4-year baccalaureate degree
• Graduate education
➢ Master’s degree, advanced practice RN
➢ Doctoral degrees
• Continuing and in-service education
Nursing Practice
• Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs)
➢ Overseen by State Boards of Nursing
, ➢ Regulate scope of nursing practice
➢ Protect public health, safety, and welfare
• Licensure and certification
➢ Licensure: NCLEX-RN® examination
➢ Certification: requirements vary
Professional Nursing Organizations
• Address member concerns
• Present educational programs
• Publish journals
• Student organizations
➢ National Student Nurses Association (NSNA)
➢ Canadian Student Nurses Association (CSNA)
Chapter 2
The Health Care Delivery System
Challenges to Health Care
• US health care system is complex and constantly changing
➢ Uninsured
• Nurses should be prepared and work toward:
➢ Improving access
➢ Maintaining quality and safety
➢ Lessening health care costs
Traditional Level of Health Care
• Preventative
• Primary- is true prevention. Its goal is to reduce the incidence of disease.
• Secondary- focuses on preventing the spread of disease, illness, or infection once it
occurs.
• Tertiary- occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves
minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at
preventing complications and deterioration.
• Restorative
• Continuing health care
Nursing as a Profession
Patient-centered care
Professionalism
➢ Requires critical thinking
➢ Administer patient-centered quality care
➢ Be responsible and accountable
Health care advocacy groups
➢ Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action
➢ Institute of Medicine (IOM) publication on The Future of Nursing
Science and Art of Nursing Practice
Nursing requires:
➢ Current knowledge and practice standards
➢ Insightful and compassionate approach
➢ Critical thinking
Benner’s stages of nursing proficiency:
➢ Novice
➢ Advanced beginner
➢ Competent
➢ Proficient
➢ Expert
Scope and Standards of Practice
Nursing definitions
➢ American Nurses Association (ANA)
➢ International Council of Nurses (ICN)
Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice
➢ 1960: Documentation began
➢ Standards of Professional Nursing Practice
➢ Standards of Professional Performance
➢ Code of Ethics
Professional Responsibilities and Roles
Autonomy and accountability
Caregiver
Advocate
Educator
Communicator
,Manager
Career Development
Provider of care
Advanced Practice Registered Nurses
➢ Clinical Nurse Specialist
➢ Nurse Practitioner
➢ Certified Nurse-Midwife
➢ Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
➢ Nurse Educator
➢ Nurse Administrator
➢ Nurse Researcher
➢ Nursing Shortage
• Correlation between direct care provided by an RN and:
➢ Positive patient outcomes
➢ Reduced complication rates
➢ More rapid return of the patient to optimal functional status
• With fewer available nurses, it is important for you to learn to use your patient contact time
efficiently and professionally.
Historical Influences
• Nurses:
➢ Respond to needs of patients
➢ Actively participate in determining best practices
• Knowledge of the history of the nursing profession increases your ability to understand the
social and intellectual origins of the discipline.
Florence Nightingale
• Established first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration
• Organized first school of nursing
• First practicing epidemiologist
• Improved sanitation in battlefield hospitals
• Practices remain a basic part of nursing today
Civil War to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
• Clara Barton
• Dorthea Lynde Dix and Mother Bickerdyke
• Harriet Tubman
• Mary Mahoney
• Isabel Hampton Robb
,• Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster
Twentieth Century
• Movement toward scientific, research-based practice and defined body of knowledge
• Nurses assumed expanded and advanced practice roles
➢ 1906: Mary Adelaide Nutting, first nursing professor at Columbia Teacher’s College
➢ Army and Navy Nurse Corps established
➢ 1920s: Nursing specialization began
➢ 1990: ANA established Center for Ethics and Human Rights
Twenty-First Century
• Changes in curriculum to meet changing societal needs
• Advances in technology and informatics requires nurses to have a strong and current
knowledge base
• Last Acts Campaign
• End-of-life care and practices added to nursing curricula
Contemporary Influences
• Importance of nurses’ self-care
• Health care reform and costs
• Demographic changes
• Medically underserved
Trends in Nursing
• Evidence-based practice
• Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
• Impact of emerging technologies
• Genomics
• Public perception of nursing
• Impact of nursing on politics and health policy
Professional Registered Nurse Education
• Prelicensure
➢ 2-year associate’s degree
➢ 4-year baccalaureate degree
• Graduate education
➢ Master’s degree, advanced practice RN
➢ Doctoral degrees
• Continuing and in-service education
Nursing Practice
• Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs)
➢ Overseen by State Boards of Nursing
, ➢ Regulate scope of nursing practice
➢ Protect public health, safety, and welfare
• Licensure and certification
➢ Licensure: NCLEX-RN® examination
➢ Certification: requirements vary
Professional Nursing Organizations
• Address member concerns
• Present educational programs
• Publish journals
• Student organizations
➢ National Student Nurses Association (NSNA)
➢ Canadian Student Nurses Association (CSNA)
Chapter 2
The Health Care Delivery System
Challenges to Health Care
• US health care system is complex and constantly changing
➢ Uninsured
• Nurses should be prepared and work toward:
➢ Improving access
➢ Maintaining quality and safety
➢ Lessening health care costs
Traditional Level of Health Care
• Preventative
• Primary- is true prevention. Its goal is to reduce the incidence of disease.
• Secondary- focuses on preventing the spread of disease, illness, or infection once it
occurs.
• Tertiary- occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves
minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at
preventing complications and deterioration.
• Restorative
• Continuing health care
