BIO102 Unit 1: Assignment
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1. Define anatomy and physiology.
Human Anatomy: It is the scientific study of the body’s structures. It comes from the Greek word “ana”
which means “to cut apart” and “tomia” which means “to cut.”
Physiology: It is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body. Also, the
ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. The study of physiology centers on the
body’s tendency towards Homeostasis.
2. Describe macroscopic and microscopic anatomy.
Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy: Is the study of larger structures in the body, those visible without
magnification.
Microscopic Anatomy: Is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope
or other magnification device. This also includes Cytology, the study of cells and Histology, the study of
tissues.
3. Explain the relationship between structure and function.
Structure: Anatomy is about structure
Function: Physiology is about function.
The study of anatomy and physiology makes more sense, if you continually relate the form of the
structures you are studying to their function.
4. Describe various types of cells in the human body and explain the basic principles of the cell
theory.
Cell Theory: All biological organisms are composed of cells; cells are the unit of life and all life come
from preexisting life. This is a unifying principle of biology.
, Scientists group cells into mostly two categories. These categories are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
cells.
The Prokaryotic Cell: Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal
membrane-bound structures. They have a single chromosome: a piece of circular, double-stranded DNA
located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid.
The Eukaryotic Cell: Are cells that contain organelles and a nucleus and are enclosed by a plasma
membrane. Organisms that have eukaryotic cells include, fungi, protozoa, animals, and plants.
5. Define histology.
Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
6. Identify the 11 organ systems, provide two functions for each system and two related organs in
each system.
1. Integumentary System: Encloses internal body structures. Site of many sensory receptors. (Hair,
Skin, and Nails).
2. Skeletal System: Supports the body. Enables movement with muscle strength. (Cartilage, Bones,
and Joints).
3. Muscular System: Enables movement with Skeletal System. Helps maintain body temperature.
(Skeletal Muscles, and Tendons).
4. Nervous System: Detects and Processes sensory information. Activates bodily responses. (Brain,
Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves).
5. Endocrine System: Secretes hormones. Regulates body processes. (Pituitary Gland, Thyroid
Gland, Pancreas, Adrenal Glands, Testes, and Ovaries).
6. Cardiovascular System: Delivers Oxygen and Nutrients to tissues. Equalizes temperature in the
body. (Heart and Blood Vessels).
7. Lymphatic System: Returns fluids to blood. Defends against pathogens. (Thymus, Lymph Nodes,
Spleen, and Lymphatic Vessels).
8. Respiratory System: Removes carbon dioxide from the body. Delivers oxygen to blood. (Nasal
Passage, Trachea, and Lungs).
9. Digestive System: Processes food for use by the body. Removes waste from undigested food.
(Stomach, Liver, Gall Bladder, Large Intestine, and Small Intestine).
10. Urinary System: Controls water balance within the body. Removes wastes from blood and
excretes them. (Kidneys, and Urinary Bladder).
11. Male Reproductive System: Produces sex hormones and gametes. Deliver gametes to female.
(Epididymis and Testes).
12. *Bonus* Female Reproductive System: Produces sex hormones and gametes. Support
embryo/fetus until birth. Produces milk for infant. (Mammary Glands, Ovaries, and Uterus).
Follow all instructions for submitting assignments and quizzes.
1. Define anatomy and physiology.
Human Anatomy: It is the scientific study of the body’s structures. It comes from the Greek word “ana”
which means “to cut apart” and “tomia” which means “to cut.”
Physiology: It is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body. Also, the
ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. The study of physiology centers on the
body’s tendency towards Homeostasis.
2. Describe macroscopic and microscopic anatomy.
Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy: Is the study of larger structures in the body, those visible without
magnification.
Microscopic Anatomy: Is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope
or other magnification device. This also includes Cytology, the study of cells and Histology, the study of
tissues.
3. Explain the relationship between structure and function.
Structure: Anatomy is about structure
Function: Physiology is about function.
The study of anatomy and physiology makes more sense, if you continually relate the form of the
structures you are studying to their function.
4. Describe various types of cells in the human body and explain the basic principles of the cell
theory.
Cell Theory: All biological organisms are composed of cells; cells are the unit of life and all life come
from preexisting life. This is a unifying principle of biology.
, Scientists group cells into mostly two categories. These categories are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
cells.
The Prokaryotic Cell: Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal
membrane-bound structures. They have a single chromosome: a piece of circular, double-stranded DNA
located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid.
The Eukaryotic Cell: Are cells that contain organelles and a nucleus and are enclosed by a plasma
membrane. Organisms that have eukaryotic cells include, fungi, protozoa, animals, and plants.
5. Define histology.
Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
6. Identify the 11 organ systems, provide two functions for each system and two related organs in
each system.
1. Integumentary System: Encloses internal body structures. Site of many sensory receptors. (Hair,
Skin, and Nails).
2. Skeletal System: Supports the body. Enables movement with muscle strength. (Cartilage, Bones,
and Joints).
3. Muscular System: Enables movement with Skeletal System. Helps maintain body temperature.
(Skeletal Muscles, and Tendons).
4. Nervous System: Detects and Processes sensory information. Activates bodily responses. (Brain,
Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves).
5. Endocrine System: Secretes hormones. Regulates body processes. (Pituitary Gland, Thyroid
Gland, Pancreas, Adrenal Glands, Testes, and Ovaries).
6. Cardiovascular System: Delivers Oxygen and Nutrients to tissues. Equalizes temperature in the
body. (Heart and Blood Vessels).
7. Lymphatic System: Returns fluids to blood. Defends against pathogens. (Thymus, Lymph Nodes,
Spleen, and Lymphatic Vessels).
8. Respiratory System: Removes carbon dioxide from the body. Delivers oxygen to blood. (Nasal
Passage, Trachea, and Lungs).
9. Digestive System: Processes food for use by the body. Removes waste from undigested food.
(Stomach, Liver, Gall Bladder, Large Intestine, and Small Intestine).
10. Urinary System: Controls water balance within the body. Removes wastes from blood and
excretes them. (Kidneys, and Urinary Bladder).
11. Male Reproductive System: Produces sex hormones and gametes. Deliver gametes to female.
(Epididymis and Testes).
12. *Bonus* Female Reproductive System: Produces sex hormones and gametes. Support
embryo/fetus until birth. Produces milk for infant. (Mammary Glands, Ovaries, and Uterus).
