INTRO TO HISTOPATHOLOGY
Pathology – Study of all the changes that underlie a disease; Study of disease;
Structural, physiological, functional?
1. Cell – Smallest unit/fundamental unit; starting point of every disease
- A problem in cells results to diseases/abnormality in function
Can be morphological (structure) or functional
2. Tissue – Group of cells; Cells joined/grouped together
3. Organ – Tissues joined/grouped together
4. Organ system – Organs joined/grouped together
5. Organism
Rudolph Virchow – Father of Modern Pathology
2 TECHNIQUES TO COME UP WITH A DIAGNOSIS
1. HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES
2. CYTOPATOLOGIC TECHNIQUES
Histopathological technique
Medtech – performs and prepares tissues for processing; Does the dehydration, clearing, filtration, etc.
Pathologist – does the microscopy; looks for abnormality in tissues; Does the gross exam and dissection of
tissues; performs the autopsy;
Surgeon – Performs the removal of biopsy specimen
Histopath:
o Tissues abnormality are evaluated
o Purpose: To detect malignancy/cancerous conditions
o Study of tissues under the microscope
o Tissues examined are obtained through:
1.BIOPSY: Involves getting tissue sample from a living organism
o Purpose: To detect malignant cyst/cancerous conditions
o To identify the disease: BIOPSY SPECIMEN
o 2 methods of biopsy
a.INCISIONAL: involves removing only a part of the mass or part of an organ; May hiwa
then kukuha ng onti then isasara
b. EXCISIONAL: removing the whole organ/entire mass so kinuha lahat
o How do we process biopsy specimen?
Biopsy specimen – submitted to the lab – gross exam & dissection
Dissected specimen – to the MT for processing then MICROSCOPIC EXAM (by pathologist)
o Gross examination & Dissection: Done by the pathologist
, Step 1: Gross exam – determines the color, consistency, weight of spx
Step 2: Dissection – Hihiwain ng maliit na parang dinuguan daw
o All biopsy specimens require MANDATORY SUBMISSION to the lab
o Specimens excluded for mandatory submission (itatapon)
a. Foreskin removed from circumcision
b. Fats removed from liposuction
c. Etc. (nasa handouts)
o Specimens for gross examination/description only (di na ipaprocess)
a. Nasal bone and cartilage removed from rhinoplasty
b. Varicose veins
c. Accessory digits
2. AUTOPSY / NECROPSY: Purpose, requirement for autopsy, types
o Purpose: to determine cause of death (main) & determine events leading to death of patient
o Consent: Most important requirement to do autopsy (from the nearest kin)
o Autopsy is not mandatory
o Classified according to types:
a. Purpose:
▪ Routine hospital – done in hospital
▪ Medicolegal – done by government institution like NBI for the purpose of ano
daw/may kaso
b. As to completeness of procedure
▪ Partial autopsy – examination of a region or few regions of the body
▪ Complete autopsy – examination of the whole body from head to foot
c. Type of incision
▪ Straight-cut: Autopsy done in children & infants
▪ Y-shaped: autopsy done in adult cadavers
o Autopsy techniques
▪ by Rudolph Virchow: Organs are removed one-by-one
▪ by Carl Rokitansky: Involves In-situ dissection (walang tatanggalin bcos dissection is carried
out in its original place, so sa katawan mismo idadissect)
▪ by Anton Ghon: En bloc removal (organs are removed PER GROUP; removed all at the same
time per group)
▪ by M. Letulle: En masse removal (ALL organs are removed all at the same time); maraming
tao ang involved kasi di kaya ng isa; technique that can be very well preserved in connection
of all the organs
3. CYTOLOGICAL SPECIMEN
Cytopathologic techniques
o Involves study of cells taken from different body sites to determine cause and nature of disease
o Cells are evaluated
Pathology – Study of all the changes that underlie a disease; Study of disease;
Structural, physiological, functional?
1. Cell – Smallest unit/fundamental unit; starting point of every disease
- A problem in cells results to diseases/abnormality in function
Can be morphological (structure) or functional
2. Tissue – Group of cells; Cells joined/grouped together
3. Organ – Tissues joined/grouped together
4. Organ system – Organs joined/grouped together
5. Organism
Rudolph Virchow – Father of Modern Pathology
2 TECHNIQUES TO COME UP WITH A DIAGNOSIS
1. HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES
2. CYTOPATOLOGIC TECHNIQUES
Histopathological technique
Medtech – performs and prepares tissues for processing; Does the dehydration, clearing, filtration, etc.
Pathologist – does the microscopy; looks for abnormality in tissues; Does the gross exam and dissection of
tissues; performs the autopsy;
Surgeon – Performs the removal of biopsy specimen
Histopath:
o Tissues abnormality are evaluated
o Purpose: To detect malignancy/cancerous conditions
o Study of tissues under the microscope
o Tissues examined are obtained through:
1.BIOPSY: Involves getting tissue sample from a living organism
o Purpose: To detect malignant cyst/cancerous conditions
o To identify the disease: BIOPSY SPECIMEN
o 2 methods of biopsy
a.INCISIONAL: involves removing only a part of the mass or part of an organ; May hiwa
then kukuha ng onti then isasara
b. EXCISIONAL: removing the whole organ/entire mass so kinuha lahat
o How do we process biopsy specimen?
Biopsy specimen – submitted to the lab – gross exam & dissection
Dissected specimen – to the MT for processing then MICROSCOPIC EXAM (by pathologist)
o Gross examination & Dissection: Done by the pathologist
, Step 1: Gross exam – determines the color, consistency, weight of spx
Step 2: Dissection – Hihiwain ng maliit na parang dinuguan daw
o All biopsy specimens require MANDATORY SUBMISSION to the lab
o Specimens excluded for mandatory submission (itatapon)
a. Foreskin removed from circumcision
b. Fats removed from liposuction
c. Etc. (nasa handouts)
o Specimens for gross examination/description only (di na ipaprocess)
a. Nasal bone and cartilage removed from rhinoplasty
b. Varicose veins
c. Accessory digits
2. AUTOPSY / NECROPSY: Purpose, requirement for autopsy, types
o Purpose: to determine cause of death (main) & determine events leading to death of patient
o Consent: Most important requirement to do autopsy (from the nearest kin)
o Autopsy is not mandatory
o Classified according to types:
a. Purpose:
▪ Routine hospital – done in hospital
▪ Medicolegal – done by government institution like NBI for the purpose of ano
daw/may kaso
b. As to completeness of procedure
▪ Partial autopsy – examination of a region or few regions of the body
▪ Complete autopsy – examination of the whole body from head to foot
c. Type of incision
▪ Straight-cut: Autopsy done in children & infants
▪ Y-shaped: autopsy done in adult cadavers
o Autopsy techniques
▪ by Rudolph Virchow: Organs are removed one-by-one
▪ by Carl Rokitansky: Involves In-situ dissection (walang tatanggalin bcos dissection is carried
out in its original place, so sa katawan mismo idadissect)
▪ by Anton Ghon: En bloc removal (organs are removed PER GROUP; removed all at the same
time per group)
▪ by M. Letulle: En masse removal (ALL organs are removed all at the same time); maraming
tao ang involved kasi di kaya ng isa; technique that can be very well preserved in connection
of all the organs
3. CYTOLOGICAL SPECIMEN
Cytopathologic techniques
o Involves study of cells taken from different body sites to determine cause and nature of disease
o Cells are evaluated
