HLSC 2460 – Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
1.What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?
a. Release of the inflammatory cytokines
b. Macrophages adhere to vessel walls.
c. Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls
d. Release of the platelet-deprived growth factor
2.Which factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?
a. Increased norepinephrine c. Angiotensin II
b. Adducin d. Insulin resistance
3.What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm?
a. Atherosclerosis causes ischemia of the intima.
b. It increases nitric oxide.
c. Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall.
d. It obstructs the vessel.
4.Which statement best describes Raynaud disease?
a. Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and
sometimes in the hands
b. Neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities
c. Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less
commonly, of the toes
d. Autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower
extremities
5.The risk of developing coronary artery disease is increased up to threefold by which factor?
a. Diabetes mellitus c. Obesity
b. Hypertension d. High alcohol consumption
6.Which risk factor is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) because of its relationship with
the alteration of hepatic lipoprotein?
a. Diabetes mellitus c. Obesity
b. Hypertension d. High alcohol consumption
7. Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of which neurotransmitter?
a. Histamine c. Angiotensin II
b. Nitric oxide d. Epinephrine
8.Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasms of one or more
coronary arteries?
a. Unstable c. Silent
b. Stable d. Prinzmetal
9.An individual who is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin, creatine kinase–isoenzyme MB (CK-
MB), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is exhibiting indicators associated with which condition?
a. Myocardial ischemia c. Myocardial infarction (MI)
, HLSC 2460 – Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
b. Hypertension d. Coronary artery disease (CAD)
10. What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a. Increased serum calcium levels
b. Decreased serum magnesium levels
c. Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
11.Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of which type of
regulation?
a. Negative feedback c. Neural
b. Positive feedback d. Physiologic
12.How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
a. Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b. Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c. Too little hormone production is initiated.
d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.
13.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited
when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of:
a. Positive feedback c. Neural regulation
b. Negative feedback d. Physiologic regulation
14.The control of calcium in cells is important because it:
a. Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b. Is continuously synthesized.
c. Acts as a second messenger.
d. Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.
15.The portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin is:
a. Posterior c. Anterior
b. Inferior d. Superior
16.What is the target tissue for prolactin-releasing factor?
a. Hypothalamus c. Mammary glands
b. Anterior pituitary d. Posterior pituitary
17.Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?
a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells c. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
b. Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle
18.Which mineral is needed for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the secretion of thyroid
hormone (TH)?
a. Iron c. Iodide
b. Zinc d. Copper
19.Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell?
a. Potassium c. Sodium
b. Calcium d. Phosphorus
1.What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?
a. Release of the inflammatory cytokines
b. Macrophages adhere to vessel walls.
c. Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls
d. Release of the platelet-deprived growth factor
2.Which factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?
a. Increased norepinephrine c. Angiotensin II
b. Adducin d. Insulin resistance
3.What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm?
a. Atherosclerosis causes ischemia of the intima.
b. It increases nitric oxide.
c. Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall.
d. It obstructs the vessel.
4.Which statement best describes Raynaud disease?
a. Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and
sometimes in the hands
b. Neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities
c. Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less
commonly, of the toes
d. Autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower
extremities
5.The risk of developing coronary artery disease is increased up to threefold by which factor?
a. Diabetes mellitus c. Obesity
b. Hypertension d. High alcohol consumption
6.Which risk factor is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) because of its relationship with
the alteration of hepatic lipoprotein?
a. Diabetes mellitus c. Obesity
b. Hypertension d. High alcohol consumption
7. Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of which neurotransmitter?
a. Histamine c. Angiotensin II
b. Nitric oxide d. Epinephrine
8.Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasms of one or more
coronary arteries?
a. Unstable c. Silent
b. Stable d. Prinzmetal
9.An individual who is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin, creatine kinase–isoenzyme MB (CK-
MB), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is exhibiting indicators associated with which condition?
a. Myocardial ischemia c. Myocardial infarction (MI)
, HLSC 2460 – Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
b. Hypertension d. Coronary artery disease (CAD)
10. What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a. Increased serum calcium levels
b. Decreased serum magnesium levels
c. Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
11.Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of which type of
regulation?
a. Negative feedback c. Neural
b. Positive feedback d. Physiologic
12.How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
a. Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b. Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c. Too little hormone production is initiated.
d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.
13.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited
when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of:
a. Positive feedback c. Neural regulation
b. Negative feedback d. Physiologic regulation
14.The control of calcium in cells is important because it:
a. Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b. Is continuously synthesized.
c. Acts as a second messenger.
d. Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.
15.The portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin is:
a. Posterior c. Anterior
b. Inferior d. Superior
16.What is the target tissue for prolactin-releasing factor?
a. Hypothalamus c. Mammary glands
b. Anterior pituitary d. Posterior pituitary
17.Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?
a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells c. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
b. Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle
18.Which mineral is needed for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the secretion of thyroid
hormone (TH)?
a. Iron c. Iodide
b. Zinc d. Copper
19.Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell?
a. Potassium c. Sodium
b. Calcium d. Phosphorus
