Saddleback College Computer Science 1A - Rousseau, Michele Exam 1

Abacus (~2400 BC) Ans- Laid the foundation for positional numbering system Antikythera Mechanism (~100 BC) Ans- The earliest known Mechanical Analog Computer. It used mechanical gears and pointers. John Napier (1610) Ans- Made a form of logarithm for computing that simplify multiplication, division, square & cube roots Napier's Rods (or Bones) Ans- Rods that could be moved around and placed in specially constructed boards William Oughtred (1622) Ans- Created the side rule Wilhelm Schickard (1623) Ans- Created the Calculating Clock. It was the first discrete automatic calculator and could add or subtract up to 6-digit numbers. This was constructed with wheels. Pascaline (1642) Ans- Used gears with each gear revolving 10 times before it increments the next gear. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1666) Ans- First advocated use of the binary number system George Boole (1847) Ans- Created Boolean Algebra which is now being extensively used in programming. Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1801) Ans- Created the automatic loom and started the idea of the "punch cards" Charles Babbage (1802) Ans- Made the difference engine which was the first mechanical computer and was capable of calculating polynomials. This was then scrapped to make the Analytical Engine which was the first programmable computer. The Analytical Engine used punch cards. Ada Byron Lovelace Ans- The first computer programmer and was a friend of Babbage and worked on the Analytical Engine Herman Hollerith Ans- Made a desk named after them that was needed for accounting in the 1890 census. This desk used punch cards and was a gear driven mechanism. They later on made IBM. John Antanasoff & Cliff Berry Ans- Made a computer named using both their last names. This was the first computer that stored data as a charge on a capacitor. This then influenced the ENIAC. Alan Turing (1939) Ans- Known as the "Father of Artificial Intelligence" and was involved in developing the Bombe which broke the Enigma code. Turing Complete Ans- When a machine can perform anything that is calculable. Thomas Flowers and Max Newman Ans- Developed the Colossus John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert Ans- Created the Eniac (1946), which was developed for the military to calculate firing tables, and the Univac (1951 and 1952), which developed the census bureau for baby boomers and predicted the outcome of the Eisenhower-Stevenson election. Grrace Hopper (1952) Ans- Developed the first compiler and coined the term "debugging" First-Generation Computing () Ans- Vacuum Tubes Ex. Colossus, ABC, and Eniac Second-Generation Computing () Ans- Transistors Third-Generation Computing () Ans- Integrated Circuit Fourth-Generation Computing (1971-Present) Ans- Microprocessors Ted Hoff (1971) Ans- Created microprocessors at Intel Doug Englebart (1964) Ans- Created the mouse Xerox PARC (1973) Ans- Invented the Alto (GUI) MITS (1975) Ans- Invented the Personal Computer Apple (1984) Ans- Invented the Macintosh Fifth-Generation Computing (Present-Future) Ans- Based on AI and machine learning 1 Ans- On 0 Ans- Off 1 Bit Ans- Binary Digit 1 Byte Ans- 8 Bits American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Ans- This can store up to 256 characters Unicode Ans- This was developed for international use because ASCII did not have enough characters. It used 2^16 characters Hardware Ans- The physical components of a computer I/O Storage Devices Ans- Cheaper than memory and non-volatile. An example would be a hard drive or USB flash drives. Main Memory Ans- It is a lot faster and each has its own binary address Random Access Memory (RAM) Ans- One of the memory types. This is where all programs and data must be processed. Volatile. Read Only Memory (ROM) Ans- One of the memory types. The contents are written by computer manufacturer. Non-Volatile. Cache Ans- One of the memory types. This is faster than RAM and slower than CPU registers. This is cheaper and more plentiful than registers. System Bus Ans- -Internal Bus -CPU and Memory Expansion Bus Ans- -External Bus -CPU and I/O Devices Data Bus Ans- One of the system buses. Moves data between main memory and the CPU registers. Address Bus Ans- One of the system buses. Holds the address of the data that the data bus is accessing. Control Bus Ans- One of the system buses. Carries the instructions that specify how the information transfer is to take place. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Ans- -The "brain" of the computer -Divided into 3 parts (Registers, CU, ALU) Control Unit (CU) Ans- -Transfers data to and from memory -Calls the ALU when necessary -Fetches instructions -Interprets instructions -Executes instructions in order Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Ans- -Performs all arithmetic & logical operations Registers Ans- -Very fast and temporary locations used to store data on the CPU Program Counter (PC) Ans- One of the basic Special Purpose Registers. Keeps track of which statement is currently being executed and which statement completes its execution the PC is incremented. Instruction Register (IR) Ans- Contains the current instruction Executing a Program Ans- When something is copied from hard drive into RAM. This is something the OS handles. Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle Ans- 1. The control unit fetches the next instructions from main memory 2. The instruction is decoded or interpreted 3. The ALU executes the instructions and places the results in registers. Boolean Expression Ans- An expression that evaluates to True or False. High-Level Programming Language Ans- C++, Java, Python Low-Level Languages Ans- Machine language, assembly language, assembler Compilers Ans- Converts source code into object code. Stored in the disk of the computer. Interpreter Ans- Translates one sentence at a time Local Area Network (LAN) Ans- Ethernet Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Ans- Fiber Optics Wide Area Network (WAN) Ans- Gateways Personal Area Network (PAN) Ans- Bluetooth Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Ans- Wireless car, wireless router Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) Ans- Base stations, repeaters Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Ans- Cellular broadband, satellite PC Transmission Contro Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Ans- Two different protocols that the internet uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Ans- Breaks messages into packets and reassembles them at their destination Internet Protocol (IP) Ans- Routes packets through various networks Problem Solving Process Ans- 1. Analyze the problem 2. Solve and define the algorithm 3. Test the algorithm 4. Refine the algorithm Analyzing and Solving Techniques Ans- -Build upon what you know -Analyzing the problem state -Thinking outside the box -Look for similarities in previously solved problems -Means-ends analysis -Divide and Conquer Software Development Life Cycle Ans- 1. Requirements Phase 2. Design Phase 3. Implementation Phase 4. Testing 5. Maintenance In the early 19th century, what were computers? Ans- Mechanical devices that focused on simple math What was the contribution of the Antikythera Mechanism? Ans- It was a mechanism that used gears What invention led to the Slide Rule? Ans- Napier's Rods What was the slide rule used for? Ans- More complicated calculations Who came up with the idea of using punch cards to automate machines? Ans- Herman Hollerith Who is the father of computing? Ans- Charles Babbage Which were Charles Babbage's primary inventions that contributed to the progression of modern day computers? Ans- Difference Engine and Analytical Engine What was the difference between the difference engine and the analytical engine? Ans- The analytical engine was able to use more digits and more complex calculations Who was the first programmer? Ans- Ada Byron Lovelace What machine did Lovelace program for? Ans- Analytical Engine Which system was built for the 1890 census? Ans- Hollerith's Desk What previous technologies were incorporated into Hollerith's Desk? Ans- Gears and punch cards Who developed the first compiler? Ans- Grace Hopper What three characteristics do consumers look at to note different generations of computers? Ans- Size, speed, and cost Which machine did the British develop to break the German code produced by the Enigma? Ans- The Bombe Which two systems did Mauchly and Eckert build? Ans- ENIAC and UNIVAC What were the breakthrough technologies for each generation of computers? Ans- 1st - Vacuum Tubes 2nd - Transistors 3rd - Integrated Circuits 4th - Microprocessors 5th - Artificial Intelligence Who developed the GUI technology that most PCs and Macs are based on today? Ans- Xerox Parc In 1968, Doug Engelbart invented a small pointing device he called it a... Ans- Mouse What is the difference between a bit and a byte? Ans- A bit is a single binary digit and a byte is a group of bits in 8 What is ASCII? Ans- American Standard Code for Information Interchange and was used to store 128 characters What is Unicode? Ans- A response to the lack of storage of ASCII and was used by foreign countries since it stored 2^16 characters How many instructions could a computer with 8 switches understand? Ans- 2^8 What Base is Binary? Ans- Base 2 Why do computers use binary? Ans- To Represent all data and instructions The rules for positional notation? Ans- 1. The number of distinct symbols equal the base 2. The largest value represented by 1 symbol in one less than the base 3. Each value of a number is multiplied by the base raised to the appropriate power relative to its position 4. The symbols 10 represents the base What do we use to convert from Binary, Oct, or Hex to Decimal? Ans- Sum of the expansion of the products How do we convert from Decimal to Binary, Oct, or Hex? Ans- Dibble dabble What base is hex? Ans- Base 16 What are the basic elements of the CPU? Ans- ALU and CU Why do we store data & instructions on registers? Ans- Registers provide the fastest way to access data What does the ALU do? Ans- It carries out all the arithmetic and logical operations such as addition, subtraction, and logical operations Name 3 types of memory Ans- RAM, ROM, Cache What is RAM? Ans- Random Access Memory. Internal memory in the computer used during immediate processing. What is ROM? Ans- Read Only Memory. When the computer is loaded up, it looks in the BIOS chip in the ROM for the start up instructions (e.g. load up OS from the HDD) Order the following by speed: RAM, CACHE, Hard Drive, Registers (fastest first) Ans- Registers, cache, RAM, Hard Drive Why not store everything in the fastest? Ans- It is very expensive and the computer slows down when there is too much Hardware refers to? Ans- Anything physical in the computer When a computer is turned off which memory will persist? Ans- Non volatile storage What is a "bootstrap" program? Ans- Instructions stored in a ROM chip that tell the processor what to do when the computer is first turned on What is a non-storage I/O device? Ans- Keyboard, monitor, printer, etc. How do components communicate with the CPU? Ans- Buses Name 3 buses that make up the System Bus? Ans- Data, address, control A data bus carries how much information per wire? Ans- 1 bit What does the control bus do? Ans- Transfers instructions from CPU to Main Memory Name 3 auxiliary or secondary storage devices? Ans- Hard drive, SSD, SD card True or False I/O auxiliary devices use buses to communicate with memory Ans- True True or False Hardware components include the OS Ans- False Name one thing we store in ROM Ans- Bootstrap Where does an application have to be loaded in to be run? Ans- RAM What does a USB flash drive use to store data? Ans- Flash ram Which is larger a Terabyte or Kilobyte? Ans- Terabyte Which is larger a kilobyte or a megabyte? Ans- Megabyte A microprocessor chip a) opened the door for personal computers b) made the first television possible c) contains all essential components for the computer on a single chip Ans- a, c What is the syntax for an IF statement? Ans- =IF(logical test, true, false) What is a Boolean expression? Ans- An expression that can be evaluated as either true or false What does autoformat do? Ans- It organizes the table in Excel What is the symbol you have to use to enter a function or formula? Ans- = How would we type in the sum function to a sum a group of cells starting from cell D1 and ending in cell E15? Ans- =SUM(D1:E15 What is the difference between a function and a formula? Ans- A formula contains values and a function is a piece of a code What type of operators do we use to formulate Boolean Expressions? Ans- Relational What is a nested IF statement? Ans- An IF statement within an IF statement What is a predefined formula built into the spreadsheet program? Ans- Function What are the 2 basic categories of software? Ans- Applications and system software Which category does computer games fall under? Application or System? Ans- Application What category does operating system fall under? Application or System? Ans- System True or False Without software computer hardware could not function in a useful way Ans- True What does an operating system do? Ans- It provides a user interface, memory management, processor scheduling, backing store management and management of all input and output Give two example of low-level language Ans- Assembly and machine What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter Ans- An interpreter does everything line for line while a compiler is meant to be more efficient and does everything in one go What is source code? Ans- Human readable computer code What protocol does the internet use? Ans- TCP/IP Which device converts digital computer signals into analog an back again? Ans- Modem What do we call the set of rules necessary for devices to communicate with each other? Ans- Protocol A server a) stores and manages files on the network b) allows users to share resources such as printers c) provides services to clients on the network Ans- a, b, c What is a LAN Ans- Local Area Network Is the internet a WAN or a LAN? Ans- WAN What is a gateway? Ans- Connects one network to another What is the Client-Server Model? Ans- All devices re connected to one server What is a server? Ans- A specialty computer that is connected to the LAN for one or more purposes. Name two types of servers Ans- Web and Mail Name three types of topologies Ans- Star, ring, bus Which topology is the internet based on? Ans- Bus Before a message is sent across the internet it is broken into smaller parts called: Ans- Packets What is an IP address? Ans- A unique string of numbers separated by periods that identifies each computer using the Internet Protocol to communicate over a network. What is a URL? Ans- The address of a World Wide Web page that is easier since it uses English What is an ISP? Ans- Internet Service Provider What is a desk check? Ans- A manual process for verifying the programming and logic of an algorithm