Week 5 Quiz Study Guide AP 4
● Fluid distribution in extracellular and intracellular compartments
o The intracellular fluid (ICF)( 63%) compartment is the system that includes
all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes. (WITHIN)(AKA cytosol)
o Extracellular fluid (ECF) (37%).Surrounds all cells in the body. Extracellular fluid
has two primary constituents: the fluid component of the blood (called plasma)
and the interstitial fluid (IF) that surrounds all cells not in the blood.
▪ Includes: blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, CSF, GI tract fluid,
synovial fluid, fluids of the eyes & ears, pleural, pericardial & peritoneal
fluids, and glomerular filtrate.
● How is thirst stimulated?
o When water loss is greater than water gain, dehydration (a
decrease in osmolarity of body fluids) stimulates thirst.
o Neurons in the mouth that detect dryness due to a decrease in flow
of saliva
o baroreceptors that detect lowered blood pressure in the heart
and blood vessels
o Thirst center is located in the hypothalamus
● What is pH scale, what does it measure?
o a measure of the number of H+ ions in a solution. How acidic or
basic a solution is.
● Electrolyte concentrations in extracellular and intracellular compartments
o Extracellular- Sodium and Chlorine are most abundant
o Intracellular- Potassium & proteins and phosphates
● What happens in
o Respiratory Acidosis
▪ Increased Pco2 (above 45 mmHg) & decreased pH (below
7.35) if no compensation.
▪ Causes: Hypoventilation due to emphysema, pulmonary
edema, trauma to respiratory center, airway obstruction
or dysfunction.
▪ Compensatory Mechanism- Renal: increased excretion of H+.
Increased reabsorption of HCO3-. If complete pH will be w/in
normal ranges but Pco2 will be high.
o Respiratory Alkalosis
, ▪ Decreased Pco2 (below 35 mmHg) & increased pH (above
7.45) if no compensation
▪ Causes: Hyperventilation due to O2 deficiency, pulmonary
disease, CVA or severe anxiety.
▪ Compensatory Mechanism- Renal: decreased excretion pf
H+, decreased reabsorption of HCO3-. If complete pH will be
w/in normal range but Pco2 will be low.
o Metabolic Acidosis
▪ Decreased HCO3- (below 22) and decreased pH (below 7.35)
if no compensation
▪ Causes- loss of bicarbonate ions due to diarrhea, accumulation
of acid(ketosis), renal dysfunction
▪ Compensatory Mechanism- Respiratory: hyperventilation
which increases the loss of CO2. If complete pH will be
w/in normal range but HCO2- will be low
o Metabolic Alkalosis
▪ Increased HCO3- (above 26) & increased pH (above 7.45) if
no compensation
▪ Causes: Loss of acid due to vomiting, gastric suctioning, or use
of certain diuretics, excessive intake of alkaline drugs.
▪ Compensatory Mechanism- Respiratory: hypoventilation
which slows CO2 loss. If complete pH will be w/in normal
range but HCO3- will be high.
● Body’s responses in low blood pressure or low blood volume
o low blood volume= hypovolemia
▪ a rapid fluid loss that results in multiple organ
failures, inadequate perfusion.
o low blood pressure
▪ causes an inadequate blood flow ro the organs, can
cause sroke
● Functions of electrolytes
o Inorganic compounds that dissociate into ions when dissolved
in water, conduct electricity
o Cl, K, and Na
o 4 functions:
▪ Control osmosis of water between fluid compartments
▪ help maintain acid-base balance
● Fluid distribution in extracellular and intracellular compartments
o The intracellular fluid (ICF)( 63%) compartment is the system that includes
all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes. (WITHIN)(AKA cytosol)
o Extracellular fluid (ECF) (37%).Surrounds all cells in the body. Extracellular fluid
has two primary constituents: the fluid component of the blood (called plasma)
and the interstitial fluid (IF) that surrounds all cells not in the blood.
▪ Includes: blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, CSF, GI tract fluid,
synovial fluid, fluids of the eyes & ears, pleural, pericardial & peritoneal
fluids, and glomerular filtrate.
● How is thirst stimulated?
o When water loss is greater than water gain, dehydration (a
decrease in osmolarity of body fluids) stimulates thirst.
o Neurons in the mouth that detect dryness due to a decrease in flow
of saliva
o baroreceptors that detect lowered blood pressure in the heart
and blood vessels
o Thirst center is located in the hypothalamus
● What is pH scale, what does it measure?
o a measure of the number of H+ ions in a solution. How acidic or
basic a solution is.
● Electrolyte concentrations in extracellular and intracellular compartments
o Extracellular- Sodium and Chlorine are most abundant
o Intracellular- Potassium & proteins and phosphates
● What happens in
o Respiratory Acidosis
▪ Increased Pco2 (above 45 mmHg) & decreased pH (below
7.35) if no compensation.
▪ Causes: Hypoventilation due to emphysema, pulmonary
edema, trauma to respiratory center, airway obstruction
or dysfunction.
▪ Compensatory Mechanism- Renal: increased excretion of H+.
Increased reabsorption of HCO3-. If complete pH will be w/in
normal ranges but Pco2 will be high.
o Respiratory Alkalosis
, ▪ Decreased Pco2 (below 35 mmHg) & increased pH (above
7.45) if no compensation
▪ Causes: Hyperventilation due to O2 deficiency, pulmonary
disease, CVA or severe anxiety.
▪ Compensatory Mechanism- Renal: decreased excretion pf
H+, decreased reabsorption of HCO3-. If complete pH will be
w/in normal range but Pco2 will be low.
o Metabolic Acidosis
▪ Decreased HCO3- (below 22) and decreased pH (below 7.35)
if no compensation
▪ Causes- loss of bicarbonate ions due to diarrhea, accumulation
of acid(ketosis), renal dysfunction
▪ Compensatory Mechanism- Respiratory: hyperventilation
which increases the loss of CO2. If complete pH will be
w/in normal range but HCO2- will be low
o Metabolic Alkalosis
▪ Increased HCO3- (above 26) & increased pH (above 7.45) if
no compensation
▪ Causes: Loss of acid due to vomiting, gastric suctioning, or use
of certain diuretics, excessive intake of alkaline drugs.
▪ Compensatory Mechanism- Respiratory: hypoventilation
which slows CO2 loss. If complete pH will be w/in normal
range but HCO3- will be high.
● Body’s responses in low blood pressure or low blood volume
o low blood volume= hypovolemia
▪ a rapid fluid loss that results in multiple organ
failures, inadequate perfusion.
o low blood pressure
▪ causes an inadequate blood flow ro the organs, can
cause sroke
● Functions of electrolytes
o Inorganic compounds that dissociate into ions when dissolved
in water, conduct electricity
o Cl, K, and Na
o 4 functions:
▪ Control osmosis of water between fluid compartments
▪ help maintain acid-base balance
