HIEU 201 Exam 3(100% CORRECT)

Describe the origins of monasticism and its contributions to Western civilization. Identify the most important early figure of western monasticism and his particular contribution. Correct anwser- -Supreme civilizing influence in the Medieval west -Emerged as a reaction (in church) -Church was filled with corrupt people (holiness and sanctity of martyrdom) -St. Benedict of Nursia -72 Good choices, Benedictine Rule -How monastic life should be Describe what is meant by the Ordered Society and give examples. How is this related to feudalism? Correct anwser- Social Order: clergy who prayed, lords who warred, and serfs who toiled. People believed that society functioned smoothly when individuals accepted their status and performed their proper role. -Europe had entered an age of feudalism, in which the essential unit of government was not a kingdom but a local region, and political power lay in the hands of local lords. -A person's rights, duties, and relationship to law depended on his or her ranking in the social order. To change position was to upset the organic unity of society. And no one, serfs included, should be deprived of the traditional rights associated with his or her rank. This arrangement was justified by the clergy. Summarize the spread of Islam in its first hundred years. Include reference to when and where as well as how it spread. Correct anwser- -622-732 -Quickly/Wide range -732 - Battle of Tours; stopped in the west -717- Battle of Constantinople; stopped in the East -Used these two conquests to spread during their 1st 100 years Who were the Doctors of the Latin Church and what is their larger significance? Situate them in historical context and describe their individual contributions. Correct anwser- - Augustine - Autobiography (Confessions), Book (City of God) what will happen to the church, basis for argument: philosophy of history of the west with Christian worldview (Creation Universe) -Ambrose - Authority of the Bishop (provisional governor), separate from city over other rulers, obedient and empowered, Taught Augustine -Jerome - Latin vulgate (scholar, reader, Christian), official Bible of the Roman Catholic church for many centuries **Laid the intellectual foundations of Christianity for the next 1,000 years (Latin Church) Explain the purpose for calling the earliest crusades as well as the motives for those who participated. Include specific reference to the circumstances under which the first crusade was called. Correct anwser- Purpose: Muslims pushing borders in the East -Pope Urban the 2nd (1095) Claremont -Byzantine emporer gave the call so this was a response -Gives people a "plenary indulgence" forgiveness of all sins -Retake the Holy Land for Christendom -Enhance papal authority -Reduce internal violence (Christians fighting each other, violent tendencies) Motives: *Religious -Penance (Making up for your sins, "Plenary indulgence", religious vow) -Expansion (Population growth, push borders, state of their own) -Honor responsibility (Honor code, family, homeland, Christendom, duty) Describe the origins, structure and function of the Gothic cathedral. Make specific reference to the assigned online reading material on this topic. Correct anwser- Origin: Abbot Suger of St. Denis, rebuild the choir of his abbey church, French style Structure: Pointed arch (weight out and down), flying buttress (take weight off walls), vaulted ceilings (weight off and not a lot of pillars), thinners walls, mostly glass, design of theological significance Function: Different from any other villages dark, small villages, God's spirit in the building with the light coming in and represents hierarchical society Identify and describe the three major components of economic expansion in the High Middle Ages and explain how they are related using specific examples. Correct anwser- -Agricultural revolution - Milling, windmills, plows, population meant people lived longer, were healthier, had higher fertility rates. -Rebirth of Towns - New group of people: Merchant middle class, decline of serfdom because they worked in towns. -Revival of Trade - People can do other things, partnerships, banking, the use of money, bookkeeping, business innovations *Related because it allowed international fairs and political stability (Guilds - groups of merchants, modern day "labor union") Chronological framework of the Middle Ages Correct anwser- High Middle Ages: 1050- 1300 Medieval culture Late Middle Ages Intellectual foundations of Christianity: Church Fathers Correct anwser- -Laid the intellectual foundations of Christianity for the next 1,000 years in the Latin Church -Early 400's Institutions of the Christian Church: the Papacy Correct anwser- -Pope - Comes from the office of the bishop of Rome, Jesus granted Peter special powers, Leo 1 the great, Petrine Doctrine, Diplomatic Skills, Two Swords Theory (Temporal Authority - Kings, Spiritual - Church, affirm the authority of the Pope), Gregory 1 (The Great) office of papacy fully established Coronation of Charlemagne. What happened, where, when, and significance Correct anwser- On Christmas Day in Rome in the year 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans. The initiative for the coronation probably came from the papacy, not from Charlemagne. The meaning of this event has aroused conflicting opinions among historians, but certain conclusions seem justified. The title signified that the tradition of a world empire still survived despite the demise of the western Roman Empire three hundred years earlier. But because it was the pope who crowned Charlemagne, this meant that the emperor had a spiritual responsibility to spread and defend the faith. Thus, Roman universal-ism was fused with Christian universal-ism. Contributions of the Byzantine Empire to world history Correct anwser- 1.) Held out Muslim invasions, preserved ancient Rome 2.) Corpus Juris Civilis: body of civil law (Justinian) 3.) Advances in learning: philosophy, science, math (ancient Greece) 4.) Formed the foundation for Eastern Europe and Russia (Christianity) Origins of Islam, historical and legendary Correct anwser- Origins - Historical (Mohammed, Seal of the Prophets), Legendary (Abraham, Father of the Hebrews, Islam precedes and supersedes Judaism/Christianity, ORIGIN OF FAITH) Evolving status of Christianity in the 4th century Correct anwser- -Edict of Milan -313 -Officially the religion of Rome - 380 -Legislation becomes just Rise of the university Correct anwser- -Medieval culture -Origin, curriculum, significance -Put together by a group of scholars to protect themselves -Happened organically for men only -Studied: theology, queen of sciences, liberal arts and law *Aristotle (The Philosopher) provides unified culture of educated people Latin Medieval worldview Correct anwser- Defining Factor: Religion (Christianity and Superstition) Universe: Platonist (2 realms), different laws and rules for each realm, Biblical (Augustine, City of God), Aristotle and Ptolemy - geocentric, physical universe, Great chain of Being Individual: Created in God's image, corrupted by sin from Adam and Eve, place in the Great Chain (how God's revelation comes to people), community, way of salvation (life goal, higher realm), rational thought guided by revelation Geocentric Correct anwser- Earth is the motionless center of the universe, surrounded by moving glass spheres that hold stars and planets. Great Chain of Being Correct anwser- Arranged in a hierarchical order according to their position related to God, top of the chain is closest to God Major milestones related to the rise of states in England and France Correct anwser- England: Norman conquest, common law (unifies them legally), Henry 1 &2, 1215 - Magna Carta (King is not above the law, consider the rest of the people), King and Parliament, single rule and single law France: Series of rulers, beginning (Hugh Capet, Capetian Dynasty, power beyond power) 10-13 centuries, Phillip Augusts - added territory, Kind of parliament - estates general The Black Death: origins, description, impact Correct anwser- Conditions & Causes: Climate (little ice age), overpopulation and famine, bubonic plague (maybe) Description: flu-like symptoms, fever, chills, 2nd stage (welts, swelling of the bulbous), septic shock, multi-organ failure Why: Reversal of normal balances, came from an evil vapor from planets, blessing and curses flow from God Impact: debauchery, lawlessness, and frenzied forms of religious life. Confidence in the church declined as many priests fled, depriving the sick of spiritual comfort and the dying of last rites, massacre of Jews, disturbing art, food plummeted but diminished labor pool benefited peasants. Hundred Years' War: causes and impact Correct anwser- Causes - Because English kings ruled parts of France, conflicts between the two monarchies were common. Impact - During the Hundred Years' War, French kings introduced new taxes, which added substantially to their incomes. These monies furnished them with the means to organize a professional army of well-paid, loyal troops. By evoking a sense of pride and oneness in the French people, the war also contributed to a growing, but still incomplete, national unity. The English, too, emerged from the war with a greater sense of solidarity, and Parliament, because it had to finance the war, gained in stature.