NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1 2022
What is Pathophysiology
- is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong,
causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include?
- Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology
- study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have
an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis?
- development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of
manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations?
- Signs and symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications?
- Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine
the best treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs?
- Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms?
- Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What is objective data
- What you observe and can measure.
What are examples of objective data?
- rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
,What is subjective data?
- What the patient may report to you
What are examples of subjective data?
- pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
What is epidemiology? –
study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and
contact of diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention?
- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention
- "Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention
- Vaccinations and Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention
- "Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease
early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention
- PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention
- "Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the
person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention
- Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke
to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis?
, - a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its
most optimal in functioning. Stable.
What is allostasis?
- ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt
to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome
- alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
- Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight
responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the
danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs
energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome
- the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to
return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
- Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no
longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to
be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation
syndrome?
- disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches,
insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
- Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines(
norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage
- activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
What is Pathophysiology
- is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong,
causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include?
- Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology
- study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have
an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis?
- development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of
manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations?
- Signs and symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications?
- Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine
the best treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs?
- Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms?
- Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What is objective data
- What you observe and can measure.
What are examples of objective data?
- rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
,What is subjective data?
- What the patient may report to you
What are examples of subjective data?
- pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
What is epidemiology? –
study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and
contact of diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention?
- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention
- "Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention
- Vaccinations and Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention
- "Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease
early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention
- PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention
- "Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the
person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention
- Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke
to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis?
, - a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its
most optimal in functioning. Stable.
What is allostasis?
- ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt
to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome
- alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
- Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight
responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the
danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs
energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome
- the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to
return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
- Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no
longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to
be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation
syndrome?
- disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches,
insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
- Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines(
norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage
- activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
