ATI TEAS VI (6) - Science 2021/2022 with complete solution

Anatomical Position Ans- Standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward Cells Ans- The basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created Cellular Functions Ans- Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement Body Cavities Ans- spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs Organ Systems Ans- Functional groups of organs that work together within the body: Circulatory, integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, nervous; 11 total Organelle Ans- A specialized part of a cell that has a specific function Organ Ans- A self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function Reference Planes Ans- Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, coronal, and transverse Sagittal/Lateral Plane Ans- A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides; Left/Right division Coronal/Frontal Plane Ans- A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions; Front/Back division Transverse/Axial Plane Ans- A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts; Top/Bottom division Tissue Ans- A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs Centrosome Ans- Forms mitotic spindle (cell division); Builds microtubules (non dividing cells) Cilia/Flagella Ans- Movement Ribosomes Ans- Protein Synthesis Rough ER Ans- Protein synthesis and processing Smooth ER Ans- Fatty acid and steroid (lipid) synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum Ans- The transport network that is responsible for the transference of proteins throughout a cell; a network of membranes found throughout the cell Golgi Apparatus/Complex Ans- Packages and sends proteins; Assists in the transport, but is not the actual transport network Lysosomes Ans- Break down/digest molecules Mitochondria Ans- ATP Production Nucleus Ans- Controls structure, produces ribosomes, and directs cell Peroxisome Ans- Oxidation and detoxification Proteasome Ans- Degrades bad proteins Cytoskeleton Ans- Cell shape, support, and movement (includes microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments) Superior Ans- Towards the head of the body Inferior Ans- Away from the head Anterior Ans- Front Posterior Ans- Back Lateral Ans- Away from midline Medial Ans- Towards midline Proximal Ans- Toward center of body/point of attachment Distal Ans- Away from center of body/point of attachment Alveoli Ans- Tiny air sacs i the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place Asthma Ans- A lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing Bronchi Ans- The main passageways directly attached to the lungs Bronchioles Ans- Small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli Cystic Fibrosis Ans- A genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections Perfusion Ans- The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue Pleura Ans- A membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity Surfactant Ans- A fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs Tidal Volume Ans- The amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation Trachea Ans- The windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs Ventilation Ans- The movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation Arteries Ans- Blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to other parts of the body Capillary Ans- Small blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules Diastole Ans- The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood Heart Ans- The muscle that pumps blood throughout the body Hemoglobin Ans- The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body Leukocyte Ans- White blood cells, which protect the body against disease Lymph Ans- Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease Lymphocyte Ans- A subtype of white blood cell found in lymph Plasma Ans- The pale yellow component of blood that caries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body Systole Ans- The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood Vein Ans- Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart Blood Flow Ans- Right Atrium -- Tricuspid Valve -- Right Ventricle -- Pulmonary Semilunar Valve -- Lungs -- Pulmonary Veins -- Left Atrium -- Bicuspid/Mitral Valve -- Left Ventricle --Aortic Semilunar Valve -- Aorta -- Systemic Arteries -- Body/Systemic Circulation --Superior/Inferior Vena Cava -- Right Atrium/Beginning Anus Ans- The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled Bolus Ans- A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed; Propelled forward by peristalsis Chyme Ans- The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine Gall Bladder Ans- The organ that stores bile Large Intestine Ans- Also known as the colon; Where vitamins (esp. K) and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination Liver Ans- The organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, performs other bodily functions Mouth Ans- The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal Pancreas Ans- The gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that PRODUCES INSULIN and secrete pancreatic juices Peristalsis Ans- A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract Rectum Ans- The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus Saliva Ans- The clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit Small Intestine Ans- The part of the GI Tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs Stomach Ans- The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs Mouth Function Ans- Breaks food down, and begins chemical digestion (specifically digestion of carbohydrates/starches) Esophagus Function Ans- Secretes mucus and transports foo into the stomach Stomach Function Ans- Serve as mixing chamber and holding reservoir; Secretes gastric juice (with HCl), pepsin, intrinsic factor, gastric lipase, and gastrin Liver Function Ans- Main function is to filter and process blood Pancreas Function Ans- Assists in the digestion of foods by secreting enzymes that help to break down many foods (esp. fats and proteins); Also secretes a large amount of sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid that reaches the small intestine Small Intestine Function Ans- Absorbs most nutrients; Main absorption organ of the digestive tract Large Intestine Function Ans- Concentrates, mixes, and stores waste material; Absorbs water, ions, and vitamins; Produces some B vitamins and vitamin K Mouth Enzymes Ans- Salivary amilase; Salivary lipase Stomach Enzymes Ans- Gastric Lipase; Pepsin(ogen); HCL Liver Enzymes Ans- Bile (stored in gallbladder) Pancreas Enzymes Ans- Pancreatic juices (Bicarbonate, lipase, trypsin(ogen), proteases, and amylase) Small Intestine Enzymes Ans- Brush border enzymes (Proteases, lactase, disaccharides) Stomach Hormones Ans- Gastrin; Ghrelin Pancreas Hormones Ans- Secretin; Somatostatin; Insulin; Glucagon Small Intestine Hormones Ans- Cholecystokinin; Somatostatin; Secretin; Motilin Peripheral Nervous System Ans- Consists of nerves and ganglia Central Nervous System Ans- Consists of brain and spinal cord Somatic Nervous System Ans- Controls five senses and voluntary movement of skeletal muscle; includes afferent and efferent nerves Autonomic Nervous System Ans- Maintains homeostasis within the body by controlling the body functions not consciously directed; divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic Sympathetic Nervous System Ans- Controls the body's reaction to extreme, stressful, and emergency situations; "Fight or Flight" Parasympathetic Nervous System Ans- Counteracts the effects of the sympathetic nervous system; "rest and digest" system Axon Ans- Nerve fiber Contraction Ans- Shortening or elongating a muscle to perform muscle actions Involuntary Ans- Without intentional control Muscle Ans- Soft tissue that produces force and motion to move the body; Primary component is protein Nerve Ans- A bundle of axons that transmits electrical impulses to peripheral organs Reflex Ans- An involuntary movement in reaction to a stimulus Relaxation Ans- Release of tension Synapse Ans- The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons Voluntary Ans- Performed on purpose Sensory Neurons Ans- Transmit signals to the CNS from sensory receptors Motor Neurons Ans- Transmit signals from the CNS to the rest of the body Interneurons Ans- Transmit signals between neurons Cervix Ans- The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus Estrogen Ans- Female sex hormones Fallopian Tubes Ans- Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus Ovary Ans- Organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction Penis Ans- Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body Prostate Ans- The gland in males tat controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm Scrotum Ans- The pouch of skin that contains the testicles Testicles Ans- The organ that produce sperm; also called testes Testosterone Ans- The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics Urethra Ans- The tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the female body