Social Studies chapter 3 review

Social‌‌30-1‌ Name:‌‌________________________‌
Chapter‌‌3:‌‌(Notes‌‌and‌‌Questions)‌ Date:‌‌_________________________‌

Uncovering‌‌19‌th‌‌ ‌Century‌‌Liberalism‌‌(P.‌‌102‌‌–‌‌126)‌
1. 19‌th‌ ‌century‌liberalism‌‌was‌‌all‌‌about‌‌the‌‌rise‌‌of‌‌unrestricted‌capitalism‌‌and‌individualism‌.‌ ‌Today,‌‌we‌
refer‌ ‌to‌ ‌this‌ ‌time‌ ‌period‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌era‌ ‌of‌ classical‌ ‌liberalism‌.‌ ‌It‌ ‌was‌ ‌the‌ ‌time‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ Industrial‌
Revolution‌.‌
2. Classical‌‌liberalism‌:‌‌an‌‌ideology‌‌which‌‌embraces‌‌the‌‌principles‌‌of‌‌individualism‌‌‌(see‌‌Ch.‌‌2‌‌notes).‌
a. rule‌‌of‌‌law‌
b. Individual‌‌rights‌‌and‌‌freedoms‌
c. Private‌‌property‌
d. Economic‌‌freedom‌
e. Self-interest‌
f. Competition‌
3. Classical‌ ‌liberalism‌ places‌ ‌importance‌ ‌on‌ ‌human‌ ‌rationality,‌ ‌political‌ ‌freedom,‌ ‌and‌ ‌especially‌
economic‌ ‌freedom‌ ‌(meaning:‌ ‌the‌ ‌economy‌ ‌which‌ ‌operates‌ ‌the‌ ‌best‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ free‌ ‌market‌ ‌system‌
(capitalism)‌‌with‌‌limited‌‌government‌‌intervention(‌laizzes-faire)‌.‌ ‌This‌‌system‌‌relies‌‌on‌‌the‌‌choices‌‌that‌
rational‌‌individuals‌‌make‌‌in‌‌their‌‌own‌‌best‌‌interests.‌
4. Modern‌ liberalism‌ ‌advocates‌ ‌a‌ ‌much‌ ‌greater‌ ‌role‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌state‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌lives‌‌of‌‌citizens‌‌(e.g.‌‌to‌‌make‌
people‌‌more‌‌equal‌).‌ ‌Therefore,‌‌we‌‌use‌‌the‌‌term‌classical‌‌liberalism‌‌to‌‌indicate‌‌the‌‌original‌‌ideas‌‌(or‌
practices‌‌and‌‌principles)‌‌of‌‌liberalism.‌
5. As‌‌seen‌‌in‌‌Chapter‌‌2,‌classical‌‌liberalism‌‌developed‌‌slowly‌‌over‌‌the‌14‌th‌ ‌–‌‌17‌t‌h‌ ‌centuries‌‌through‌‌time‌
periods‌‌called‌‌the‌Renaissance,‌‌Reformation,‌‌Enlightenment‌,‌‌and‌‌the‌Age‌‌of‌‌Reason‌,‌all‌‌of‌‌which‌
promoted‌‌the‌‌importance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌individual‌‌and‌‌the‌‌use‌‌of‌‌reason‌‌(logic).‌
6. Between‌ ‌the‌ 14‌th‌ ‌and‌ ‌19‌th‌ ‌centuries‌ ‌in‌ ‌Europe‌ ‌and‌ ‌America,‌‌we‌‌see‌‌a‌‌great‌‌political‌‌and‌‌intellectual‌
movement‌‌(‌classical‌‌liberalism‌)‌‌rise‌‌up‌‌and‌‌replace‌:‌
a. government‌‌control‌‌and‌‌regulation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌economy‌‌(‌mercantilism‌)‌‌with‌‌capitalism‌.‌
b. absolutism‌‌‌of‌‌Kings‌‌with‌‌constitutional‌‌representative‌‌government.‌
c. serfdom‌‌‌and‌‌slavery‌‌with‌‌freedom‌‌and‌‌rights‌‌to‌‌not‌‌be‌‌serfs‌‌and‌‌slaves.‌
7. The‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌(1750-1850)‌‌was‌‌the‌‌final‌‌great‌‌change‌‌that‌‌brought‌‌about‌‌liberalism‌‌and‌
laissez-faire‌ ‌economics‌ ‌(an‌ ‌economy‌ ‌based‌ ‌on‌ ‌free‌ ‌trade,‌ ‌self-interest,‌ ‌and‌ ‌little‌ ‌or‌ ‌no‌ ‌government‌
intervention‌‌–‌‌except‌‌to‌‌enforce‌‌the‌‌rules‌‌of‌‌contract,‌‌provide‌‌basic‌‌elementary‌‌education,‌‌and‌‌protect‌
property).‌ Laissez-faire‌‌is‌‌a‌‌French‌‌word‌‌that‌‌basically‌‌means‌‌“‌leave‌‌the‌‌people‌‌alone‌‌to‌‌do‌‌as‌‌they‌
wish‌”‌‌or‌‌as‌‌I‌‌prefer‌‌to‌‌say,‌‌“government,‌‌keep‌‌your‌‌stinking‌‌hands‌‌out‌‌of‌‌my‌‌pocket”.‌
8. Probably‌ ‌the‌ ‌most‌ ‌important‌ ‌philosopher‌ ‌and‌ ‌promoter‌ ‌of‌ ‌laissez-faire‌ ‌economics‌ ‌(capitalism)‌ ‌was‌
Adam‌‌Smith‌‌(1723-1790).‌ ‌For‌‌the‌‌time‌‌period,‌‌Smith’s‌‌ideas‌‌were‌‌very‌‌radical.‌ ‌He‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌if‌
people‌ ‌worked‌ ‌first‌ ‌and‌ ‌foremost‌ ‌for‌ ‌themselves,‌ ‌everyone,‌ ‌including‌ ‌the‌ ‌state,‌ ‌would‌‌be‌‌better‌‌off.‌
Smith‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌an‌‌“‌invisible‌‌hand‌”‌‌(‌competition‌)‌‌would‌‌self‌‌regulate‌‌the‌‌laissez-faire‌‌economy‌‌–‌
producing‌‌the‌‌best‌‌possible‌‌products‌‌and‌‌the‌‌lowest‌‌possible‌‌prices‌‌(following‌‌the‌‌rules‌‌of‌supply‌‌and‌
demand‌).‌
9. The‌ essential‌ ‌concepts‌ ‌of‌ ‌laissez-faire‌ ‌capitalism‌ ‌are‌ ‌a‌ free‌ ‌market‌ ‌and‌ a‌ ‌limited‌ ‌role‌ ‌for‌
government‌,‌ ‌which‌ ‌is‌ ‌really‌ ‌just‌ ‌another‌ ‌way‌ ‌of‌ ‌saying‌ classical‌‌liberalism‌‌in‌‌the‌‌economic‌‌sense.‌
The‌‌political‌‌system‌‌associated‌‌with‌‌classical‌‌liberalism‌‌would‌‌be‌‌a‌‌constitutional‌‌democracy‌.‌
10. The‌ American‌ ‌Revolution‌ ‌(1775-1783)‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ French‌ ‌Revolution‌ ‌(1789-1799)‌ ‌were‌‌attempts‌‌to‌
implement‌ ‌the‌ ‌ideas‌ ‌of‌ ‌liberal‌ ‌thought‌ ‌(as‌ ‌put‌ ‌forward‌ ‌by‌ ‌men‌ ‌like‌ John‌ Locke,‌ ‌baron‌ ‌de‌
Montesquieu,‌ ‌Adam‌ ‌Smith‌,‌ ‌and‌ John‌ ‌Stuart‌ Mill‌)‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌real‌ ‌world.‌ ‌In‌ ‌many‌ ‌ways‌ ‌they‌ ‌were‌
successful‌‌in‌‌changing‌‌(or‌‌at‌‌least‌‌beginning‌‌the‌‌change)‌‌the‌‌form‌‌of‌‌government‌from‌absolutism‌‌to‌
liberal‌‌democracy‌.‌

, 11. Most‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ impacts‌ ‌of‌ ‌liberalism‌ ‌(capitalism,‌ ‌the‌ ‌class‌ ‌system,‌ ‌constitutional‌ ‌limitations‌ ‌on‌
government,‌‌and‌‌so‌‌on)‌‌are‌‌linked‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution.‌ ‌The‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌is‌‌seen‌‌by‌
many‌ ‌historians‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ most‌ ‌influential‌ ‌transformation‌ ‌of‌ ‌human‌ ‌culture‌ ‌since‌ ‌the‌ ‌advent‌ ‌of‌
agriculture‌ ‌around‌ ‌6000‌ ‌BC.‌ ‌The‌ ‌Industrial‌ ‌Revolution‌ ‌would‌ ‌irrevocably‌ ‌change‌ ‌human‌ ‌labor,‌
consumption,‌‌family‌‌structure,‌‌social‌‌structure,‌‌and‌‌even‌‌the‌‌very‌‌soul‌‌and‌‌thoughts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌individual.‌

Some‌‌Questions‌
(put‌‌your‌‌answers‌‌on‌‌the‌‌bottom‌‌of‌‌this‌‌page‌‌and‌‌the‌‌next‌‌page)‌

1. According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌excerpts‌‌on‌‌pages‌‌102‌‌&‌‌103,‌‌what‌‌was‌‌life‌‌like‌‌during‌‌the‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌?‌
For‌‌the‌‌workers?‌ ‌For‌‌the‌‌capitalists?‌
Monotonous,‌‌repetitive,‌‌mind-numbing.‌‌Lacks‌‌life‌‌and‌‌colour.‌‌It‌‌was‌‌an‌‌abrupt‌‌change‌‌for‌
many‌‌farms‌‌people‌‌to‌‌move‌‌to‌‌factories.‌‌It‌‌was‌‌slave-like‌‌for‌‌the‌‌workers‌‌and‌‌not‌‌humane.‌‌Industry‌
owners‌‌and‌‌capitalists‌‌on‌‌top‌‌flourished,‌‌their‌‌families‌‌and‌‌their‌‌wages‌‌grew.‌

2. According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌timeline‌‌on‌‌page‌‌105,‌‌when‌‌did‌‌the‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌‌take‌‌place?‌‌This‌‌can‌‌also‌
be‌‌seen‌‌as‌‌the‌‌true‌‌beginning‌‌of‌‌‌laissez-faire‌‌capitalism‌.‌ ‌What‌‌other‌‌2‌‌revolutions‌‌took‌‌place‌‌in‌‌this‌
time‌‌period.‌ ‌Were‌‌they‌‌more‌‌about‌‌political‌‌liberalism,‌‌economic‌‌liberalism,‌‌or‌‌both?‌
18th‌‌and‌‌19th‌‌century.‌‌French‌‌and‌‌American‌‌revolutions‌‌and‌‌the‌‌enlightenment‌‌also‌‌took‌‌place‌
during‌‌the‌‌industrial‌‌revolution.‌‌Enlightenment-‌‌more‌‌about‌‌political‌‌liberalsim-‌‌worth‌‌of‌‌the‌
individual.‌‌Each‌‌revolution‌‌was‌‌more‌‌political,‌‌as‌‌in‌‌the‌‌overthrowing‌‌of‌‌central‌‌power‌‌to‌‌give‌
individuals‌‌a‌‌chance‌‌rather‌‌than‌‌a‌‌caste-born‌‌system‌‌and‌‌equality‌‌before‌‌the‌‌law.‌‌In‌‌a‌‌way,‌‌economics‌
effected‌‌it‌‌(Boston‌‌tea‌‌party-‌‌Americans‌‌refuse‌‌to‌‌pay‌‌tax‌‌to‌‌britain;‌‌France-‌‌poor‌‌starve)‌‌but‌‌it‌‌was‌‌not‌
the‌‌driving‌‌factor‌‌because‌‌of‌‌the‌‌lack‌‌of‌‌emphasis‌‌on‌‌a‌‌market‌‌economy‌‌and‌‌freedoms‌‌of‌‌the‌‌consumer‌
and‌‌more‌‌about‌‌the‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌individual‌‌with‌‌emphasis‌‌on‌‌the‌‌state.‌
3. Who‌‌were‌‌the‌‌humanists‌?‌‌Where‌‌and‌‌when‌‌did‌‌they‌‌live?‌‌How‌‌did‌‌they‌‌add‌‌to‌‌the‌‌growth‌‌of‌
liberalism‌‌(individualism)‌‌during‌‌the‌‌latter‌‌medieval‌‌period?‌‌(P.‌‌106)‌
They‌‌believed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌importance‌‌of‌‌art‌‌and‌‌literature‌‌beside‌‌faith‌‌(christianity).‌‌Their‌‌beliefs‌
were‌‌based‌‌on‌‌reasoning‌‌rather‌‌than‌‌religious‌‌devots.‌‌Late‌‌14th‌‌century.(‌‌1300s)‌‌They‌‌sought‌‌after‌‌and‌
preached‌‌the‌‌development‌‌of‌‌self‌‌through‌‌arts‌‌and‌‌human‌‌accomplishment.‌‌With‌‌this‌‌ideology‌‌about‌
power‌‌and‌‌authority‌‌of‌‌the‌‌self‌‌(the‌‌amount‌‌of‌‌control‌‌a‌‌person‌‌should‌‌have‌‌in‌‌government‌‌and‌‌their‌
own‌‌lives)‌‌also‌‌came‌‌questioning‌‌of‌‌the‌‌church,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Protestant‌‌Reformation‌‌(16th-17th‌‌century)‌
that‌‌altered‌‌nations‌‌politically,‌‌economically,‌‌and‌‌socially.‌
4. There‌‌is‌‌a‌‌very‌‌close‌‌relationship‌‌between‌‌individual‌‌freedom‌‌and‌‌private‌‌property‌.‌ ‌Fill‌‌in‌‌the‌
blanks‌‌from‌‌the‌‌quote‌‌on‌‌p.‌‌107‌‌on‌‌the‌‌next‌‌page,‌‌but‌‌first‌‌try‌‌to‌‌guess‌‌the‌‌missing‌‌words‌‌before‌
looking‌‌it‌‌up‌‌(assuming‌‌a‌‌classical‌‌liberal‌‌perspective).‌
Classical‌‌liberalism‌‌encourages‌‌both‌‌aspects‌‌of‌‌individualism‌‌(mostly)‌‌and‌‌collectivism.‌
Individual‌‌rights‌‌&‌‌freedoms‌‌exercised‌‌in‌‌an‌‌individual’s‌‌self-interest‌
Humans‌‌are‌‌reasonable‌
Economic‌‌freedom‌‌(owning‌‌private‌‌property‌‌and‌‌free‌‌markets)‌
Protection‌‌of‌‌civil‌‌liberties‌
Government‌‌limitations‌
5. Explain‌‌the‌‌ideas‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌men‌‌and‌‌how‌‌they‌‌influenced‌‌the‌‌rise‌‌of‌‌liberalism‌.‌‌(P.‌‌109-113)‌
Thomas‌‌Hobbes-‌‌he‌‌speculated‌‌humans‌‌were‌‌selfish‌‌and‌‌should‌‌give‌‌up‌‌power‌‌to‌‌a‌‌ruling‌
force‌‌in‌‌exchange‌‌for‌‌security.‌‌The‌‌only‌‌way‌‌power‌‌could‌‌be‌‌justified‌‌is‌‌if‌‌security‌‌of‌‌the‌‌individual‌‌is‌
protected.‌