DIMENSION OF NURSING EXAM 1 - RASMUSSEN

Position Answer- A group of tasks assigned to one individual Job Answer- A group of positions similar in nature and level of skill that can be carried out by one or more individuals Occupation Answer- A group of jobs similar in type of work that are usually found throughout an industry or work environment Profession Answer- A type of occupation that requires prolonged preparation and formal qualifications and meets certain higher level criteria that raise it to a level above that of an occupation Professional Answer- A person who belongs to and practices a profession (The term professional is probably the most misused of all these terms when describing people who are clearly involved in jobs or occupations, such as a "professional truck driver," "professional football player," or even "professional thief.") Professionalism Answer- The demonstration of high-level personal, ethical, and skill characteristics of a member of a profession Process approach Answer- Views all occupations as points of development into a profession situated along a continuum ranging from position to profession. Power approach: Answer- Uses two criteria to define a profession: 1) How much independence of practice does this occupation have? And 2) How much power does this occupation control? Using this determinant, law and politics would clearly be considered professions Identify the traits that define a profession Answer- Approach, Power, and Trait Trait approach Answer- 3 theorists (Abraham Flexner, Elizabeth Bixler, and Eliza Pabalko). They determined these characteristics to be important: ▪ High intellectual level ▪ High level of individual responsibility and accountability ▪ The specialized body of knowledge ▪ The knowledge that can be learned in institutions of higher education ▪ Public service and altruistic activities ▪ Public service valued over financial gain ▪ The relatively high degree of autonomy and independence of practice ▪ Need for a well-organized and strong organization representing the members of the profession and controlling the quality of practice ▪ A code of ethics that guides members of the profession in their practice ▪ Strong professional identity and commitment to the development of the profession ▪ Demonstration of professional competency and possession of a legally recognized license High Intellectual Level: Answer- as health care has advanced and made great strides in technology, pharmacology, and all branches of the physical sciences, a high level of intellectual functioning is required for even relatively simple nursing tasks, such as taking a client's temperature or blood pressure using automated equipment. High Level of Individual Responsibility and Accountability: Answer- Nurses are often the primary, and frequently the only, defendants named when errors are made that result in injury to the client. Nurses must be accountable and demonstrate a high level of individual responsibility for the care and services they provide Review how nursing compares with other professions Answer- o High Intellectual Level o High Level of Individual Responsibility and Accountability o Specialized Body of Knowledge: o Evidence-Based Practice: o Public Service and Altruistic Activities: Specialized Body of Knowledge: Answer- As the body of specialized nursing knowledge continues to grow, it forms a theoretical basis for the best practices movement in nursing today. As more nurses obtain advanced degrees, conduct research, and develop philosophies and theories about nursing, this body of knowledge will increase in scope and quantity Evidence-Based Practice: Answer- In professional nursing today, there is an increasing emphasis on evidence-based practice. Almost all of the currently used nursing theories address this issue in some way Public Service and Altruistic Activities: Answer- The public service function of nursing has always been recognized and acknowledged by society's willingness to continue to educate nurses in public, tax-supported institutions and in private schools. In addition, nursing has been viewed universally as an altruistic profession composed of selfless individuals who place the lives and well-being of their clients above their personal safety. Peer Review: Answer- When considering a Web source, look for a clear statement of the source of the information and how that information is reviewed. If the information is from an established source, such as a recognized professional journal, it has been peer reviewed and has a higher degree of accuracy. Author Credentials: Answer- The name of the author and his or her titles and credentials should be listed. Be cautious if no author or publisher is listed. You can also look at the last three letters in the website address. The ones that end in .gov, .org, or .edu tend to have higher-quality information. Also, see whether the information has a copyright. If the information is copyrighted, the person felt strongly enough about what he or she was posting to go to the effort of making sure that no one else could use it as their original information. Review how students should use resources like websites, journals Answer- o Peer Review: o Author Credentials: o Prejudice and Bias: o Timeliness: o Presentation: Prejudice and Bias: Answer- Although there is almost always a small degree of prejudice and bias in all written material, most legitimate authors strive to be as objective as possible. See if contact information is provided by the author and who the sponsor or publisher of the document is. If these are not provided, be suspicious about the information. Timeliness: Answer- See if you can determine when the site was last updated and how extensively the information was revised. It is also a good practice to look to other sources (e.g., Web, journals, books) to compare the material for currentness. Presentation: Answer- Some websites look well developed and professional, and others look very amateurish. There is no guarantee that the slick-looking websites are better, but it is one factor to consider in the overall evaluation of the information you are seeking. The symbols of nursing Answer- Lamp, Pin, and Cap Lamp: Answer- Was first introduced as a symbol for the nursing profession at the time of Florence Nightingale. As Nightingale and her nurses made their night rounds, caring for the wounded in unlit wards, they carried oil lamps to light the way. Florence Nightingale: Answer- Universally regarded as the founder of modern nursing. Dedicated her long life to improving health care and nursing standards. Isabel Adams Hampton Robb: Answer- Focused on the academic rather than the clinical side of nursing and believed that nurses needed a solid theoretical education, a belief that was not well accepted by the medical community at the time. Cap: Answer- Signified nurse's devotion to service to others. The traditional garb of nuns, the long-robed habit with the wimple or veil, can be considered the first official nurse's uniform. Pin: Answer- After receiving the medal of the Red Cross of St. George from Queen Victoria for her selfless service to the injured and dying in the Crimean War, Nightingale chose to extend the honor she had received to her most outstanding graduate nurses by awarding each of them a "badge of excellence. Loretta Ford: Answer- Credited with founding nurse practitioner (NP) practice. Believed that the nurse practitioner philosophy should be to provide a holistic approach to the client's health. Nurse practitioners should focus on health, functionality, and daily living, as well as give the client feedback on how they are progressing. Lillian Wald: Answer- She opened the Henry Street Settlement, a storefront health clinic in one of the poorest sections of the city, which organized nurses to make home visits, focusing on sanitary conditions and children's health. Dedicated social reformer, an efficient fundraiser, and an eloquent speaker. Although women still did not have the right to vote, her political influence was felt worldwide Licensure: Answer- Process by which an agency or government grants an individual permission to practice; it establishes a minimal level of competency for practice Registered: Answer- Registration is the listing, or registering, of names on an official roster after certain pre-established criteria have been met Certification: Answer- Official recognition of a degree of education and skills in a profession by a national specialty organization; recognition that an institution has met standards that allow it to deliver certain services. Individual certification: Answer- The most common type of certification. When a nurse has demonstrated that he or she has attained a certain level of ability above and beyond the basic level required for licensure in a defined area of practice, that nurse can become certified. Organizational certification: Answer- Certification of a group or health-care institution by some external agency. It is usually referred to as accreditation and indicates that the institution has met standards established either by the government or by a nongovernmental agency. Nurse Practice Act.: Answer- State legislation regulating the practice of nurses that protects the public, defines the scope of practice, and makes nurses accountable for their actions. Prospective Payment Systems (PPS): Answer- This system required facilities providing services to Medicare clients to be reimbursed using a fixed-rate system and included monetary incentives to reduce the length of hospital stays. Functions of nurse practice acts include: Answer- o Defining nursing and the scope of practice. o Ruling on who can use the titles of registered nurse (RN) and licensed practical nurse/licensed vocational nurse (LPN/LVN). o Setting up an application procedure for licensure in the state. o Determining fees for licensure. o Establishing requirements for renewal of licensure. o Determining responsibility for any regulations governing expanded practice for nurses in that particular state. Medicare: Answer- A federally funded national health insurance program in the United States for people older than 65 years old Influences of Religion Answer- The rise of Christianity, starting from AD 30, brought with it a strong belief in the sanctity of all human life. Christians considered practices such as human sacrifice, infanticide, and abortion which had been common in Roman society to be murder. Following the teachings of Jesus meant that caring for the sick, poor, and disadvantaged was of primary importance, and groups of believers soon organized to offer care for those in need. Influences of Science Answer- Technological developments in the 19th century included medications such as morphine and codeine for pain and quinine to treat malaria. Primary Care Answer- Refers to health promotion and preventive care including programs such as immunization campaigns. It focuses on health education and on early detection and treatment. Maintaining and improving optimal health is the overriding goal Secondary Care Answer- The focus shifts toward emergency and acute care. Secondary services are frequently provided in hospitals and other acute care settings with the emphasis on diagnosis and the treatment of complex disorders. Tertiary Level Answer- Emphasizes rehabilitative services, long-term care and care of the dying. Nursing services are essential in all 3 levels of health care, in both hospitals and community settings. Medicare: Part A: Answer- Provides basic protection for medical, surgical and psychiatric care costs based on diagnosis-related groups(DRGs) Medicare: Part B: Answer- Is a voluntary medical insurance plan that covers physicians and certain outpatient services. Medicare: Part D: Answer- Is an unfunded insurance for medications. Palliative Care Answer- Care for terminally ill the provides pain relief and comfort measure but does not prolong life. Dr. Walsh in lecture said it could be somewhere where the ill go to die Hospice Care Answer- Provides a variety of services in a caring and supportive environment to terminally ill clients, their families, and other support persons. The central concept of hospice is not saving life, but improving or maintaining the quality of life until death occurs. Affordable Care Act (aka Obamacare) Answer- The main goal is to provide affordable health care to US citizens who, before its passage, were unable to afford to pay for or obtain health insurance. Type 1 Health Care Systems Answer- Private approaches to health services predominate. Physicians and other caregivers(midwives), and clients have maximum autonomy. In this, individuals who can afford private health insurance, or who can pay for their health care, choose their care providers and receive health services. Those who can't pay don't have choice or benefit. Type 4 Health Care Systems Answer- Opposite of type 1 and focuses on keeping the general public healthy so that they can continue to contribute to society and the economy. Health care is considered to and essential service or even a right, not necessarily involving compassionate motives. Physicians are considered agents of the state who work to keep others working efficiently Hospice Answer- Emphasizes physiological and psychological support for clients who have terminal diseases. With the recent development of the Gold Standards Framework, nurses working with hospice have a defined process to improve the quality of life through communication, collaboration, support, and coordination of care. Home Health Answer- is the care of the ill and injured in the home Long-Term Care Answer- To provide care in a homelike atmosphere and base programs on the needs and abilities of the clients, or residents as they are commonly called, of the facility. Many of these residents require personal services such as bathing and assistance with activities of daily living. Hospital Answer- The traditional provider of health-care services, are still an essential part of the health-care system and still provide the majority of nurses with employment. Hospitals range in size from small, rural facilities with as few as 15 to 20 beds to large urban centers that may exceed a bed capacity of several thousand. Rural Care Answer- Often have fewer family practice physicians and often no specialists at all. Clinics Answer- Obtaining personal health information and histories of current illness and preparing the client for examination. Nurses also assist with procedures and obtain specimens for laboratory analysis. Occupational Health Answer- to increase productivity has long been recognized as an important role for nurses. In response to rising health insurance costs, today's employers are increasingly supportive of workplace health promotion, illness prevention, and safety programs. Occupational Health Nurses Responsibility Answer- Nurses who are certified in occupational health nursing must meet eligibility requirements, pass a written examination, and be recognized as having achieved a level of competency in occupational health. Telehealth Answer- Services are generally available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Nurses answer the phones, supply answers to health-related questions, and advise callers on how to handle nonurgent health situations. Civility Answer- Based on recognizing that all human beings are important. A simple definition of civility is for people to treat others as they would wish to be treated (the Golden Rule). Incivility Answer- The lack of civility, or unacceptable behaviors in a civilized society. Bullying Answer- any behavior that could reasonably be considered humiliating, intimidating, threatening, or demeaning to an individual or group of individuals. Covert lateral violence Answer- is initially more difficult to identify and includes unfair assignments, marginalizing a person, refusing to help someone, ignoring someone, making faces behind someone's back, refusing to work with certain people, whining, sabotage, exclusion, and fabrication. Overt lateral violence Answer- can include name calling, threatening body language, physical hazing, bickering, fault finding, negative criticism, intimidation, gossip, shouting, blaming, put-downs, raised eyebrows, rolling of the eyes, verbally abusive sarcasm, or physical acts such as pounding on a table, throwing objects, or shoving a chair against a wall. Horizontal Violence Answer- any behavior that could reasonably be considered humiliating, intimidating, threatening, or demeaning to an individual or group of individuals that takes place almost exclusively in the work setting.